Chapter+20+Imperialism

** Chapter 20: “Imperialism of Righteousness”  ** ** Abstract ** In the late 19th and early 20th century America had been involved expanding its borders overseas. As the military and business industries saw economic and international power by controlling colonies the nation embarked on missions to gain control of foreign islands. American expansion first began in the form of foreign missions by religious groups to spread Christianity and these missions immensely grew with the nation’s influence on the foreign lands with it. Business soon became involved and gained power taking over foreign lands’ resources. As the economy was aided by the foreign territories exports the military came into play in order to protect the economic interest of the nation. It escalated into aiding revolutionists against Spain and forcibly annexing Hawaii. Once Spain had been kicked out, America took over the lands and treated them as if they were colonies and took away their independences as they had once helped them gain it. These actions weren’t without critique from its people and the opposition came from the Anti-Imperialist League, but most Americans supported the expansion of its borders not caring for the lives lost by the military and the foreign peoples. ** Chapter Outline ** __Chicago World Fair-1893 __ · Reinforces the idea of American and Anglo-Saxon superiority in the world · Makes strong case for commercial expansion abroad  o Fredrick Jackson Turner reads his Frontier Thesis explaining America’s borders must expand to uphold democracy  o Congregational minister Josiah Strong preaches America has divine order to spread Christianity to world as the most economically powerful nation  § Advocates it as an “imperialism of righteousness”  § Senator Albert J. Beveridge spreads this message to Congress __Foreign Missions __ <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Protestant missionaries direct attention towards overseas nations <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Majority of women going abroad to China were most effort was put forth <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 38.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Very successful and also aid natives with education and other services <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 74.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">YWCA major organization that gains footholds in China <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 110.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo2; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Sparks American public interest in expanding borders __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Overseas Expansion __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Senator William Seward negotiates purchase of Alaska from Russia 1867 <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Recognizes the economic benefits of overseas expansion <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">US exports triple to $1.5 billion from 1870 to 1900 · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Secretary of State James G. Blaine implements good neighbor policy <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">American business begins to dominate in Latin American countries · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">America strengthens its navy, nicknamed “The Great White Fleet” <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Establishes Naval War College in Newport Rhode Island in 1883 <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, president of Institution, says international strength rests on control of colonies and open markets · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">American planters gaining power on Hawaii plan to overthrow government <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Queen Liliuokalani stops revolt <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Planters call for military assistance and island is taken over <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level4 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">McKinley annexes Hawaii into territory in 1898 · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Secretary of State John Hay states open door policy of China allows free trade by any nation into the country <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Boxer Rebellion reaffirms Manchu Dynasty is incapable to keep control of the country __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Spanish American War __ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Wilson-Gorman tariff placed restrictions on Cuban sugar exports <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Leads Cuba into recession and leads to civil war against Spain <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">America back // Cuba Libre // movement, president Cleveland avoids involvement <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">President McKinley goes into war <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Spanish diplomatic letter critiquing president and U.S.S. Maine sinking outrage American public, they support war · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jose Marti, Cuban revolutionist leader, killed in first battle in 1895 · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cubans gain independence with American support <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Theodore Roosevelt and cavalry unit of Rough Riders kill Spaniards like “jackrabbits” · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Teller Amendment says US will not intervene in Cuban affairs as they gain independence <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Platt Amendment of 1901 nullifies it and says American can and they do <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Establish military bases and dominated sugar industry of nation <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Platt Amendment incorporated in Cuban American treaty of 1903 and lasts until 1934 · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Philippines War against Spain emerges as McKinley and Roosevelt want to expand <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Philippines alike Cubans welcome Americans but soon want them gone <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of revolution, fights against Americans <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">US forces slaughter Filipino civilians and injured, Aguinaldo dies <span style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Remains territory until 1946 __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Critics of Empire __ · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mass meeting assembled in Boston speaking out against imperialism <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Anti-Imperialist League formed in 1898 <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">25,0000 members and very powerful men joined <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level4 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, W.E.B. Du Bois <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level3 lfo5; text-indent: -0.25in;"> § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">By 1899 league had half a million members · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Unions oppose expansion as they do not want nonwhite immigrants and feel no sympathy for Filipinos · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Military leaders and college students are for expansion and oppose league · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Most Americans sided for imperialism as they were untouched by the deaths of foreigners and American soldiers and saw the benefit of new land ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ID’s ** **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Frederick Jackson Turner **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Influential historian whose Frontier Thesis explaining if America did not open up a new front to conquer they would collapse. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Josiah Strong **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Congressional minister who advocated a “imperialism of righteousness” by America spreading Christianity throughout the world. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Senator Albert Beveridge **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Senator who carried Josiah Strong’s message to congress insisting that God has made the white English speaking in government to lead the savages of the world. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Good Neighbor Policy **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- To protect commercial interests in Latin American countries the US military would intervene to make help the countries in debt to others by threatening the other country. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Alfred Thayer Mahan **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- President of the Naval War College in Newport, RI, insisted that international strength rested not only on open markets but on the control of colonies and he advocated the annexation of the Caribbean and Pacific to enhance the navy’s power. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Queen Liliuokalani **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Last queen of Hawaii who sought to limit foreign influence until American businessmen inspired a revolt. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Open Door Policy **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Countries have right to advance commercial interest anywhere in the world at least on terms equal to those of other imperialist nations. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Boxer Rebellion **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- A Nationalist rebellion in China against imperialist nations led by the Harmonious Righteous Fists, dubbed boxers by the west, that was put down by American troops and showed how the Manchu dynasty was unfit to rule China. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">William McKinle **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">y- President of the United States who committed the nation to economic expansion that led to controlling the markets from the Philippines to Cuba. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">“Splendid Little War” **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Roosevelt’s title of the war against Spain for the independence of Cuba in order to secure sugar investments. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jose Marti **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Cuban independence leader that rallied the entire nation and died in the first battle of the revolution. **//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cuba Libre //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Cuban Independence movement that invoked the United States into the war. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Joseph Pulitzer **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Newspaper publisher of the // New York World // that introduced yellow journalism. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">William Randolph Hearst **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Newspaper publisher of // The New York Journal, // rival to Pulitzer’s journal. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">“Yellow Journalism” **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Journalism that presents little or none legitimate research **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">U.S.S. Maine **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- US ship that blew up due to maintenance problem that exploded the weapons, the explosion was blamed on the Spanish and advocated war. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Teller Amendment **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Disclaimed that the US could not annex any foreign islands and must leave the lands to its native people. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Rough Riders **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Regiment of men led by Roosevelt in the Spanish American War. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Platt Amendment **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Reversed the Teller Amendment and gave legal claims to certain economic and military territories on islands. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cuban-American Treaty 1903 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Recognized the independence of Cuba in exchange for the jurisdiction and control over Guantanamo Bay. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">George Dewey **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Civil War veteran who commanded the American Asiatic Squadron that demolished the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippines **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Emilio Aguinaldo **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Filipino revolutionist leader that fought with the Americans for their independence, but later turned on them because the US took control **//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Expansion //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Book by Josiah Strong that defended American overseas involvement by distinguishing between freedom and independence. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Anti-Imperialists League **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Organization holding distinguished figures such as Andrew Carnegie that fought against US annexation of foreign islands and imperialism. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Filipino Liberation Society **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">- Formed by Morrison Swift, leader of Coxey’s Army, was an American group that fought against American hold on the Philippines by sending anti-war materials to soldiers and protesting. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">