Chapter+15+The+Coming+Crisis,+the+1850s

  ·  “The American Renaissance” was a period during the 1850s the sparked creative activity to authors such has Henry Thoreau, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Walt Whitman, Herman Melville, Emily Dickinson, Frederick Douglass, and others.  ·  __The Scarlet Letter __ and __The House of Seven Gables__, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, explored the moral choices faced by individuals s they try to reconcile repressive social expectations with private desires- took place in Puritan New England.  ·  __Uncle Tom’s Cabin, __by Harriet Beecher Stowe, combined the literary style of the then-popular women’s domestic novels with vivid details of slavery culled from firsthand accounts by northern abolitionists and escaped slaves.   ·  John C. Calhoun- spokesman from South Carolina who protracted the Nullification Crisis by asserting the constitutional right of states to “nullify” national laws that were harmful to their interests. He believed that Congress did not have a constitutional right to prohibit slavery in the territories.  ·  James Birney’s “slave power”- caricature of the influence slave owners wielded over southern politics and of the increasingly defensive and monolithic response of southern representatives in national politics after 1830.   ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">“Gag rule”- prohibited any petition against slavery from being read to or discussed by Congress (repealed in 1844). <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Wilmot Proviso- should slavery be extended to the new territories? <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Compromise of 1850- California is admitted as a free state, but the status of the remaining former Mexican possessions was left to be decided by popular sovereignty, Texas was required to cede land to New Mexico Territory and in return the federal government assumed $10million of debts Texas incurred before it became a state, and the slave trade, was ended in the District of Columbia, but a stronger fugitive slave law was enacted. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Harriet Tubman- escaped slave from Maryland who made nineteen return trips and brought almost 300 slaves to freedom, among them all the other members of her family. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Solomon Northup- kidnapped in Washington D.C., and shipped south. He spent twelve years as a slave before he was able to send a message to northern friends to bring the legal proof to free him. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Fugitive Slave Law- dramatically increased the power of slave owners to capture escaped slaves. It also imposed federal penalties on citizens who protected or assisted fugitives, or who did no cooperate in their return. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Harriet Jacobs and __Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl__- written in 1861, she talked about how the Fugitive Slave Law made her feel like a slave in a slave state even though she lived in New York. She was threatened by owners who came north for her, so she went back into hiding until she was informed that friends had arranged her purchase. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Franklin Pierce- won the democratic vote in the 1852 election, and easily won the election of 1852: 254 electoral votes to 42. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">“Young America” movement- a group within the Democratic Party whose members used manifest destiny to justify their desire for conquest of Central American and Cuba. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">William Walker- private “filibuster” (adventurer or pirate) led three invasions of Nicaragua to extend slave territory. After first invasion, he became the ruler of the country and encouraged settlement by southern slave owners, but was unseated by a regional revolt. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Kansas-Nebraska Act- open lands that had been the northern part of the Indian Territory to American settlers under the principle of popular sovereignty; so people could vote if the new state would be free or slave (proposed by Steven A. Douglas). <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">“Border ruffians”- men would come over to Kansas territory and vote against slavery in the state of Kansas or Nebraska. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">“Free-Soil New Englanders= antislavery <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">“Bloody Kansas ”- the town of Lawrence, antislavery, had weapons shipped to them from the east, and told anyone who came to Kansas for slavery would be killed. Proslavery forces came and burned down many buildings. The people of Lawrence then started shooting and killing people who were proslavery. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Irish immigrants voted Democratic due to anti-Black prejudices. The Irish were frequently in competition with free African Americans for low-paying jobs, so they shared the attitudes of the Southerners than the abolitionists. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #333333; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Party members who were questioned about there beliefs maintained secrecy by answered “I know nothing”- Know-Nothing party. They scored startling victories in northern state elections in 1854, winning control of the legislature in Massachusetts and polled 40 percent of the vote in Pennsylvania. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Republican Party- founded in 1854, branched off from the Whigs. “Freedom, temperance, and Protestantism” characterized the Republican Party. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1852 question: which new party would come out stronger, Know-nothings or Republicans, and if the Democratic Party would hold together. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -Democratic candidate: James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, “Northern man with Southern principles” <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -Republican candidate: John C. Fremont <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -American (Know-Nothing) Party’s candidate: Millard Fillmore <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">James Buchanan received most popular vote, 45%, only candidate in both the Northern and Southern election. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">79% of people voted in election, most ever <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">People voted for whoever was least sectional (didn’t favor Northern or Southern views) <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Growing Republican popularity threatened national unity <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Differences Deepen __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Violence in senate: Senator Charles Sumner was beat by Congressman Preston Brooks because Sumner had given an insulting antislavery speech <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Dred Scott Decision __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-Buchanan did not take proper actions necessary to heal __Bleeding Kansas :__ violence between pro and antislavery forces in Kansas Territory after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-Dred Scott v. Sandford, decided March 6, 1857 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -Southern dominated Supreme Court <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -lawsuit brought by Dred Scott, a slave demanding his freedom based on his residence in a free state <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -Chief Justice Roger B. Taney declared that the Missouri-Compromise was unconstitutional; gov’t had no right to interfere w. the movement of property (slaves) among territories. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -also declared that blacks were not citizens and therefore could not bring suits before federal courts <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Northerners lost respect for Supreme Court and its “law of the land” <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">For Republicans the decision represented a formidable challenge, afraid next decision would legalize slavery completely <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -President Buchanan began drafting a proslavery constitution <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Lecompton Constitution __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Proslavery draft written in 1857 by Kansas territorial delegates elected under questionable circumstances; it was rejected by two governors, supported by President Buchanan, and decisively defeated by Congress. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-in conflicts of Kansas’s two territorial governments, Free-Soilers creating the Lecompton Constitution which President Buchanan endorsed in fear of the loss of southern democrats <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -Stephen Douglas opposed it, saying it violated popular sovereignty since elections weren’t honest <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -people of Kansas also rejected it <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -January 1861: Kansas was finally admitted as a free state <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -defeat of Lecompton constitution lead to more blood shed and Congress fighting between republicans and democrats <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Panic of 1857 __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Banking crisis that caused a credit crunch in the North; it was less severe in the south, where high cotton prices spurred a quick recovery <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-sharp but temporary depression, ended in 1859, many businesses failed, added to political tensions <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-because cotton exports was affected a lot less than northern exports, panic was a lot less harmful to the South than to the North. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-confirmed Southerner’s belief in slavery <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-Senator James Henry Hammond gave the “King Cotton” speech pronouncing cotton saved the economy <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">John Brown’s Raid __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1859: Brown proposed a wild scheme to raid the South and start a general slave uprising <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -plan was to raid the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -lead 22 white and African American against the arsenal <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -made no provision to escape <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -8 of Brown’s men were dead, no slaves joined the fight, Brown captured, state of Virginia convicted him of treason, murder, and fomenting insurrection <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -hanged, although possibly insane died as a noble martyr and his death was deeply mourned <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">South now afraid of slavery rebellion and that northern abolitionists were provoking slave revolts <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -they were right, the elite “Secret Six”-Gerrit Smith, George Stearns, Franklin Sanborn, Thomas Higginson, Theodore Parker, and Samuel Howe financed armed attacks on the slave system <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The South Secedes __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">1860: sectional differences caused the Whigs to collapse <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-Democrats on the brink as well <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Election of 1860 __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-split of the Democratic Party into northern and southern wings became official during Democratic nominating conventions in 1860 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> - Douglas could not get 2/3 of the vote needed for nomination so Southerners demanded deal that for the price of their support he has to support a federal slave code that guaranteed that slavery would be protected in the territories <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -he refused, violated his own belief in popularity sovereignty and northern support, convention ended where it begun: dead locked <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-Democrats met again, Douglas got 2/3 of the support <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-other 1/3 nominated their own candidate; vice president John Breckinridge of Kentucky <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-split Democratic support made Republican win inevitable <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Constitutional Union Party __ <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> National party formed in 1860, mainly by former Whigs, that emphasized allegiance to the Union and strict enforcement of all national legislation <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -nominated John Bell of Tennessee <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Leading republican contenders: Senator William H. Seward of New York and Abraham Lincoln of Illinois <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> - Lincoln made it onto the ballot; Seward had many enemies that thought he was too radical <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Slavery huge issue in election of 1860 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> - Lincoln stood firmly for exclusion <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -South’s threatened that they would secede if Lincoln won <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> - Lincoln only campaigned in North, Breckinridge only campaigned in South <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Lincoln won 40% of popular vote and became the president <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The South Leaves the Union __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-Southerners viewed Lincolns win as the south becoming unequal partners in the federal enterprise and the end of their way of life (slavery) <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-governors of South Carolina, Alabama , and Mississippi all had committed his state to secession if Lincoln were elected immediately issued calls for special state conventions <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -calls for southern communities to form vigilance committees and volunteer militia companies went out as well <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">- Mississippi, Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana and Texas all seeded the union. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -people in states celebrated this (danced in streets, had parades, ect) <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-8 slave states did not ( Delaware, Maryland , Kentucky , Missouri , Virginia , North Carolina , Tennessee , and Arkansas ) <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The North’s Political Options __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">One option: compromise <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> - Lincoln refused to compromise over slavery <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">2nd option: let the 7 seceding states “go in peace” <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> - Lincoln believed that it was necessary to take a stand now and show that it’s not okay for the minority to just break off from the gov’t whenever they choose <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">3rd Option: force <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> - Lincoln refused to give up federal powers over military forts and custom ports in the south <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -a fight waiting to happen, Lincoln would wait for other side to strike first <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Establishment of the Confederacy //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Confederate States of America __ <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> Nation proclaimed in Montgomery, Alabama , in February 1861, after the seven states of the Lower South seceded from the United States <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-made constitution almost identical to the United States except it made the abolition of slavery almost impossible and strongly supported states rights <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-south’s dilemma: the military defense of the South would require a strong central gov’t <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was made president, Alexander Stephens of Georgia vice president, both moderates <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -moderates because Confederates strategy was to argue that the secession was normal, responsible, and expectable, the North shouldn’t get upset about it <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Lincoln’s Inauguration __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Lincoln refused to issue public statements about the Confederate situation before his inaugural for fear of making the situation worse <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -this angered people, they wanted a president of action <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> -plots of his assignation required him to travel secretly to Washington under the protection of Pinkerton guards <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Inaugurated March 4, 1861, protected by federal troops incase of a Confederate attack <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">
 * __<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Chapter 15 __**
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Politics, Culture, and National Identity **<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Congressional Debate **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Two Communities, Two Perspectives **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Compromises **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Fugitive Slave Act **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Election of 1852 **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">“Young America”, The Politics of Expansion **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Kansas-Nebraska Act **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Bleeding Kansas **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Politics of Nativism **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: #333333; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Republican Party and the Election of 1856 **