Chapter+1+A+Continent+of+Villages,+to+1500

**__Chapter 1: A Continent of Villages__**  **Who Are the Indian People?**

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· Called Indians because Christopher Columbus mistook the Arawaks of the Caribbean for the people of the East Indies, thus the name “Indians”   ======

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 · The term “Indian” covers a giant variety of peoples like the term “European”  ======

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· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Theories of who the “Indian” people were include ancient Greeks, Carthaginians, Tartars, Chinese, and Welsh; and even the survivors of Atlantis. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Another theory was that America was populated for a short time and were inferior to those from the “Old World”  ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· Copper was mined from Lake Superior. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> ======

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 * Migration From Asia**

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Theory that the native American peoples moved to the Western Hemisphere from Asia 25,000 to 30,000 years ago over “Beringia” or land where the Bering Straights would later be. (1st Migration) ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Beringia was believed to be 750 miles wide, and was known as the Pan-American Highway. ====== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> · 12,000 years ago migrant fishers followed the Pacific-Coast Highway.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> 5000 BCE the Na-Dene people moved across Beringia. (Considered the 2nd Migration) <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Oral traditions of some Indian peoples tell of a journey from a far away place to a new homeland. ======

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Beringia disappeared around 3,000 BCE due to rising seas. (3rd and final Migration) ====== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

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 * Clovis: The First American Technology**

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Began around 11,000 years ago, and stretched from Montana to Mexico ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> · Clovis was a tool developed by Indians. Discovered in 1932 near Clovis, New Mexico. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Clovis was a blade that was 3-6 inches and fitted to spears. ======

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 * Hunting Traditions of the Plains and Forests**

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> The “Pleistocene Overkill” was massive over-hunting of large New World animals due to climate change. * The scarcity of large mammals due to climate change forced hunters to make a more efficient kill, with more kills in one hunt. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> The “Folsom Technology” an improvement of the Clovis tradition, was used to hunt buffalo. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Folsom evolved into “Plano” which were grinding tools suitable for processing vegetable foods. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Second wave of Beringia migrants included the Athapascans or Dene people. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Final migration from Asia brought the Eskimos and the Aleuts who settled in the polar coasts of the Artic and the Aleutian Islands respectively. ======

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 * Desert Culture in Western America**

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> The “Desert Culture” was a way of based on the pursuit of small game and foraging of plant foods. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> This culture focused on sharing and gift-giving and condemned hoarding. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> · Desert farmers - which came to be called rancherios.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">   ======

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 * Forest Efficiency**

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> “Forest Efficiency”, an exploitation of forest communities' rich and diverse resources, was how they achieved a secure life. · Forest Efficiency was conducted in the lowland forests of the Mississippi Valley. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> Mexico ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Farmed “maize” or Indian corn, beans, squash, tomatoes, peppers, avocados, cocoa, and vanilla. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Mesoamerican communities started to form in the Valley of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula *estimated population of 5-25 million  ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> Teotihuacan had a population of around 200,000. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> The Toltecs dominated central Mexico from the tenth to the twelth century. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> The Aztecs migrated from the North in the fourteenth century and became a formidable imperial power. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> The Mayan people of the Yucatan peninsula created Mesoamerica's most advanced writing system and a mathematics system that included the concept of zero. ====== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Increasing Social Complexity **

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> · Much like in Europe, and in any early developments, the settlers of early America were, although in small groups, nomadic.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">   ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· The first settling down of the people, was the grouping of themselves into "clans", with each clan responsible for different functions (<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">ritual, political, social, ect) ======

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">·These clans coagulated into farming communities, then into cities.
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Farmers Of The Southwest**

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· The Hohokam built the first irrigation system north of Mexico in this region, channeling river water through 500 miles of canals<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">, to their fields in the desert. ====== <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">


 * The Anasazis**

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· Around 750 BCE, they began to shift from pit-houses to densely populated multistoried apartment complexes called "pueblos" by the <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Spanish. ======

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· Within New Mexico there are 25,000 known Anasazi sites.
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Farmers Of The Eastern Woodlands**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· Hopewell site at Chillicothe, Ohio contains earthern embankments that include leaf shaped mounds.
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> · Grew tobacco, sunflowers, small grains, fished, hunted - very diversified

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**Mississippian Society** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· This connection by the river, was used as a vast transportation system, and became the earliest city-states north of Mexico, and consisted of hierarchal chiefdoms that extented political control over the surrounding farmland. ======

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· One mound at Cahokia, uncovered, was the barial chamber of a chief who was accompanied in death by the bodies of dozens of young men and women. (suggested items of sacrafice) ====== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**The Politics Of Warfare And Violence**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· It is believed that, with the Mayan, the Cahokian people had just abandoned their city, because warfare had become so bad.
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**The Population Of Indian America**

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· The settlement of people is very similar to where the cities of present day North America are today. (Western Coast, Norteast [New England], along the Great Lakes) ======

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· 2,000 miles of coast from California to Alaska was highly populated due to abundant fishing and resources during the Archaic age.
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**The Southwest**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· The Pimas and the Tohono O'Odhams, decendants of the Hohokams, lived on the floodplain of the Gila and Salt rivers.
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 * The South**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· The peoples of the south celebrated a common round of agricultural festivals, which brought them together.
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> · Lacrosse was first played here, which the French named.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**The Northeast**
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· Veried geography.
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> · Economies were strongest where the growing season was longest.

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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">· The Iroquois were among the first to settle the land (New York, Southern Canada, Penn.). However, violence followed, and in an attempt to <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">quell the violence, created a confederacy, in which warfare among the nations was outlawed, and a gift or payment was the form of revenge. ====== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">** __Timeline__ ** || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; display: block; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">First humans come to Americas from land bridge connecting Asia and Alaska. (First Migration) || || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Clovis Technology || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Corn is developed as a stable crop in highland Mexico. Na Dene peoples cross Beringia. (Second Migration) || || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">First settled communities along the Pacific Coast. || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: center; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Beringia is submerged by rising sea waters caused by the melting of the glacial ice melting.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 33,000 – 8000 BCE
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">10,000 BCE
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 5000 BCE
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">4000 BCE
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center; display: block;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">3000 BCE <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center; display: block;">

|| || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Corn planting reaches present-day American Southwest. || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Hopewell culture flourishes. Bow and arrow, flint in the Northeast. || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-size: 12px; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Corn cultivation reaches Midwest and southeaster Atlantic seaboard. || || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Founding of Hopi Village of Oraibi, the oldest continuously occupied town in the United States || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Height of Mississippian settlement at Cahoki || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Columbus land in the Bahamas. || || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; display: block; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16px; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Cabot explores northeastern coast of North America for England. || <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1200 BCE
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">200 BCE - 650 AD
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1000 AD
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">1150 AD
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> 1200 AD
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">1492 AD
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="display: block; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">1498 AD

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Chapter ID's__**
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 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Cahokia__**: City at its peak around the 13th century BCE, on the Mississippi River, across from present-day St. Louis
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Transoceanic Migrations__**: Migration of people from Europe or Asia.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Beringia__**: Land bridge from Asia to North America. Was submerged around 3000 BCE from rising seas.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Athapascan__**: (Na-Dene people) Began to settle the forests of the Northwestern Area of the Continent.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Clovis Tradition__**: Named after the site in New Mexico where it was discovered; style of making blades; found from Montana to Mexico and from Nova Scotia to Arizona.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Pleistocene Overkill__**: During hunts, more than was needed at the time was killed, due to the dying out of large mammals which was a result of climate change.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Archaic Period__**: Equivalent to the Mesolithic period of European chronology; the retreat of the glaciers; new food finding.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Mesoamerica__**: Region stretching from Central Mexico to Central America.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Rancherias__**: The desert-farming natives of the Southwest; named by the Spanish.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">**__Kachinas__**: The colorful impersinations of ancestral spirites; performed in public ceremonies. (much like dia de los muertos)