Chapter+7++The+Creation+of+the+United+States,+1776-1786

Chapter 7 The Creation of the United States 1776-1786    Outline THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE: Heading into War
 * America: || Britain: ||
 * Home advantage || Had world’s best-equipped army ||
 * Fighting for freedom || Strong navy ||
 * Strength of support for American cause || Political control ||
 * Large Population, Geography || Support of Tories ||

The Patriot Forces The Loyalists The campaign for New York and New Jersey The Northern Campaigns of 1777 The Politics of the French and Spanish Alliance Indians The War in the South Yorktown THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED The Articles of Confederation: Financing the War Negotiating independence The Crisis of Demobilization The Problem of the West REVOLUTINARY POLITICS IN THE STATES The Broadened Base of Politics The First State Constitutions Declaration of Rights A Spirit of Reform African Americans and the Revolution Economic Problems State Remedies Shay’s Rebellion Main ideas Loyalists vs. Patriots Articles of Confederation Alliances Shay’s Rebellion Minorities ID’s 1. The Loyalists o  British Army o  Best army o  A.k.a. Tories 2. The Patriots o  Colonists 3. George Washington o  General of the army o  December 1783 resigned as general of the army o  Later becomes president 4. Militias o  Armed bodies of men that were drawn from local communities o  Important for defense in own areas 5. Treaty of Commerce and Alliance o   with France 6. War at Sea o  British vs. France 7. Yorktown o  Where British lost 8. Richard Henry Lee o  Offered Motion of independence on June 7, 1776 9. The Articles of Confederation o  November 1777 o  the Articles of Confederation were adopted by the Continental congress o   then sent to states for ratification 10. Congress o  Each state had a single vote o  Granted national authority in the §  foreign affairs §  war §  peace §  maintenance of the armed forces 11. Peace Talks o  between the United States and Great Britain opened in April 1782 o  Benjamin Franklin sat down with the British emissary in Paris o  fundamental demands were §  recognition of American independence §  withdrawal of British forces 12.  Treaty of Paris o  Series of separate agreements among the United States, Great Britain, France, and Spain o  Signed at Versailles on September 3,1783 13. Land Ordinance of 1785 o  Provided for the survey and sale of eastern lands o  Wanted to avoid he chaos of overlapping surveys o  Reserved one section in each township for the support of schools 14. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1784 o  Congress established a system of government of the territory north of Ohio 15. Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1784 and Treaty of Fort McIntosh 1785 o  Both forced Indians off their land 16. Whig o  colonial elites 17. Thomas Jefferson o  Seat in the House of Delegates o  Worked on the Declaration of independence o  Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom 18. Shay’s Rebellion o  Farmers shut down government in Western Massachusetts because the government owed them money o  No one died but some came close o  Signals government that something has to be done 19. Declaration of Rights o  One of the most important innovations of the constitutions was a guarantee of rights patterned on the Virginia Declaration of Rights of June 1776 o  8 states had freedom of speech o  Important precedents for the Bill of Rights
 * 100,000 served in the Continental Army
 * Under George Washington’s rule
 * Militias were important in defense of their own areas
 * Militias lacked discipline but had passion
 * Discipline was essential to win
 * 52,674 Americans died
 * 6,000 from wounds in battle
 * 10,000 from disease
 * Rest from prisoners or MIA
 * a.k.a Tories
 * 1/5 of the population
 * Supported England
 * Strongest in Lower south
 * Weakest in New England
 * Many slaves and most Indians
 * Ethnic minorities
 * Clergymen and lawyers
 * Winter of 1775-1776 British created a strategic plan
 * British had small victories
 * made Washington realize that he had to pursue defensive quality
 * 1777 British retired plan
 * Forced Europe to see America as a threat
 * Central government was nonexistent
 * French and Spain were America’s allies
 * Wanted to win back territories lost in 7 year war
 * Feb. 1778 American delegation submitted a treaty to Congress
 * Treaty of Commerce and Alliance with France
 * Stated neither was allowed to have a truce with Great Britain without the other’s consent
 * 1779 Spain joined the war
 * Provided ammunition
 * Herds of cattle
 * Took Mississippi river towns
 * British realized with France in War West Indies were at Risk
 * Washington had defensive strategy
 * War at Sea
 * British vs. France
 * Reluctant to join war because like both sides
 * Ultimately choose British
 * Hardest and most important fighting took place
 * British forced to surrender
 * Defeat in South Carolina
 * Washington’s strategy was to coordinate with Rochambeau
 * Where British lost
 * Motion of independence
 * Offered by Richard Henry Lee on June 7, 1776
 * Created a national government of sharply limited powers
 * loose alliance between states
 * most power was given to the states
 * created no president/leader
 * November 1777: the Articles of Confederation were adopted by the Continental Congress, were then sent to states for ratification
 * Created a national assembly
 * Congress
 * Each state had a single vote
 * Granted national authority in the
 * foreign affairs
 * war
 * peace
 * maintenance of the armed forces
 * 12 states voted in favor of the articles
 * Maryland didn’t at first
 * in March 1781 the Articles took affect
 * Congress financed the Revolution though grants, and loans from foreign powers by using paper currency
 * Congress called on states to raise taxes payable to state dollar but states refuses
 * States printed own currency
 * Most money lost its value
 * Peace talks between the United States and Great Britain opened in April 1782
 * Benjamin Franklin sat down with the British emissary
 * in Paris
 * fundamental demands were recognition of American independence and withdrawal of British forces
 * Treaty of Paris
 * Series of separate agreements among the United States, Great Britain, France, and Spain
 * Signed at Versailles
 * September 3,1783
 * between the surrender at Yorktown & the signing of the Treaty of Paris British continued to occupy New York City, Charleston and a series of Western points
 * Continental Army was on wartime alert
 * December 1783 Washington resigned his commission as general of the army even though many people wanted him to remain
 * After Yorktown British abandoned their Indian allies in the west
 * Even during the fighting American’s still migrated to the west
 * Congress took up the problem of extending national authority
 * Legislation was a remarkable attempt to create a democratic colonial policy
 * Once the population of a territory numbered 20,000 the residents could call a convention and establish a constitution and government of their own choosing
 * Once the population grew to equal the smallest of the original 13 states the territory could obtain statehood
 * Land Ordinance of 1785
 * Provided for the survey and sale of eastern lands
 * Wanted to avoid he chaos of overlapping surveys
 * Reserved one section in each township for the support of schools
 * Treaty of Fort Stanwix 1784
 * Treaty of Fort McIntosh 1785
 * Both forced Indians off their land
 * Northwest Ordinance of 1787
 * Congress established a system of government of the territory north of Ohio
 * Creation of land system was a major achievement
 * Despite the accomplishments of the Confederate government, Americans mostly focused on events in their own states not in Philadelphia
 * Americans identified more with their local communities and states than the nation
 * Political mobilization took place in 1774 and 1775
 * Greatly broadened political participation
 * Accompanied by a shift in the political debate
 * Tory vs. Whig
 * Whig- colonial elites
 * Tory – royal officials
 * Debate was ended by the American revolution
 * The original states and Vermont adopted the constitutions between 1776 and 1780
 * Each state had different views
 * One of the most important innovations of the constitutions was a guarantee of rights patterned on the Virginia Declaration of Rights of June 1776
 * 8 states had freedom of speech
 * Important precedents for the Bill of Rights
 * Political upheaval of the revolution raised other reforms
 * Most steadfast reformer of the day was Thomas Jefferson
 * Seat in the House of Delegates
 * Worked on the Declaration of independence
 * Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom
 * Little to celebrate in American victory
 * Back to slavery
 * During the war their was inflation
 * After the war depression started
 * Depression struck while the U.S. still had to pay off a huge debt incurred by the revolution
 * Commercial regulation had to be national to be effective
 * Needed unity
 * 1786 uprising of rural communities in Massachusetts
 * Farmers were in debt
 * Named after Daniel Shays
 * Caption in the revolution
 * Ended when a militia force raised in communities from eastern Massachusetts marched west
 * Important effect on conservation nationalists
 * Loyalists a.k.a Tory || Patriots ||
 * British Army || colonist ||
 * Best army || untrained ||
 * Large military || Own soil ||
 * Professional || Heart ||
 * Well trained || Cause ||
 * Good leadership || Eager to fight ||
 * Well supplied || George Washington ||
 * Allies  à Indians || Unity ||
 * Organized || ||
 * Money || ||
 * November 1777
 * Made by the Continental congress then sent to states for ratification
 * Created Congress
 * Each state had one vote
 * Had national authority in
 * foreign affairs
 * war and peace
 * maintenance of the armed forces
 * Loyalists were allies with the Indians
 * Patriots
 * French
 * Spain
 * Treaty of Paris
 * separate agreements with the U.S., Great Britain, France, and Spain
 * Signed at Versailles on September 3,1783
 * 1787
 * Western Massachusetts
 * Farmers shut down government in Western Massachusetts because the government owed them money
 * No one died but some came close
 * Signals government that something has to be done
 * Native Americans
 * Reluctant to join the war
 * Sided with British
 * African Americans
 * Sad that British did not win
 * Since America won they were still slaves