Chapter+11+The+South+and+Slavery,+1790s-1830

__ ID'S  __ **Black Belt**- farmland where southerners went to field becuase of very good fertile soil.
 * Alabama fever**- Southern farmers and their slaves migrated to Western Georgia.
 * Coffles/Slave pens**- groups of slaves tied in chains, walking from Upper south to lower to get sold.
 * Internal Slave trade**- slave trade within the south(no foreign trades needed due to reproducing in South) * very profitable.
 * Direct Relationship**- south and north had a direct relationship. North depended on South's production of cotton for factories.
 * King Cotton**- South stayed rural and based economy on cotton. did not industrialized.
 * Industrial Revolution**- south stayed rural because cotton was safer. North organized production and many jobs were open. (textile factories)
 * Solomon Northup**- a free African American who got kidnapped into slavery for 12 years.
 * The Second Great Awakening**- introducing Christianity to slaves. Mixed congregations.
 * African Methodist Episcopal Denomination (AME**)- created by Reverend Allen. Independent African American churches.
 * Harriet Tubman**- major part in underground railroad. saved 300 slaves.
 * Gabriel Prosser/Prosser Revolt**- held a slave revolt in Richmond. Gabriel was a slave and a skilled worker(blacksmith). revolt was unsuccessful.
 * Vesey Revolt**- attempted revolt to seize Charleston and have all slaves move to Haiti, a free land. Plan failed when slaves betrayed Vesey.
 * Turner Revolt**- slave who held a semi-successful revolt. Held a plan of some slaves attacking in the night and killed 55 white farmers. This started the rise of fear in white people.
 * Manumission**- rule of a free African American which allowed them one free year to move or back into slavery.
 * William Johnson**- a successful and wealthy free African American during this era.
 * Yeomen**- Independent farmers.
 * Community barter system**- farm communities helping eachother out by lending slaves.
 * Tenant farming**- working on another's farm if poor to make some income.
 * Garrison**- published the Liberator which was a newspaper about antislavery.
 * Nat Chez**- richest county in nation. located in the South.

__Main Points__ 1. The slave work day was brutal. They worked 18 hour days and 10 hour days in the winter. Diseases spread killing whites also. Slaves were considered property and had a hard life. They had bad nutrition, poor housing, poor diet, and no sanitation. 2. To get through this brutal life religion was their only hope. Their religion was based around freedom. These bonds made communities within the slaves which created large families. These families were useful when a parent or child was traded, they had other elders looking after them. Some whites opposed their derrived religion becuase they thought the dancing ceremonies and singing where a sort of superstition. 3. Slavery expanded as southern farmers expanded West for more land. Charleston became the largest slave port and the struggle to abolish slavery existed. Britian outlawed the internation slave trade in 1807 and the U.S. followed a year later. Slave smuggling happened frequently. In 1820 the North abolishes slavery. 4. The southern wife played a hard role. All the chores were done by slaves and the wife had the duty to entertain and be welcoming. The wife did not have a chance to speak out like women in the North were for equal rights. She had to obey her husband and make him happy. 

__Outline__  · Although soil in the south was prime for cotton growing, cleaning cotton was a long and tedious process. · When the cotton gin was produced by Eli Whitney, fifty pounds of cotton could be easily cleaned in one day · Many fled south in order to produce cotton. (Alabama Fever) · As the demand for cotton skyrocketed, the need for workers grew. Southerners believed that African slaves could be forced to work under brutal conditions. · South Carolina officially reopened the slave trade in 1804. Over 40,000 Africans were imported to the Charleston port. · The Industrial Revolution creates a higher need for cotton. Machines were created to spin and weave cloth.
 * __The Cotton Gin Propels Southwest Expansion __**

· South did not keep pace when the North experienced urban growth. Ex: Charleston pop:41,000 vs. Boston Pop: 117,840 · South lagged behind in industrialization, canals, and railroads. Only 15% of factories were located in the South in 1860. · South was preoccupied with cotton production.
 * __North vs. South __**

· Slaves were clustered in the lower South. 75% of slaves lived with ten or more slaves. Unequal distribution could affect a slave’s living condition. · Pregnant slaves were inadequately nourished. This led to a high risk of death for children under the age of five. Malaria, yellow fever, and cholera were extremely common. Slaves were more at risk due to poor housing and diet and hard working conditions. · Slavery was a lifelong institution. If a child was born a slave, they would remain a slave. · Slaves were given rations of food and inadequate clothing.
 * __Life as a Slave __**

· __House Servants-__ Less physically demanding. Slaves were often better fed and clothed. They were considered most loyal, but they were the first to flee. House servants were under constant white supervision. They had to act grateful, but sometimes intimate bonds were formed between servant and master. · __Artisians and Skilled Workers-__ only a small number of slaved were skilled workers. They worked as weavers, mechanics, seamstresses carpenters, blacksmiths, etc. · __Field Work-__ 75% were field workers. They worked from sunup to sundown, summer and winter, and sometimes for 18 hours a day.Work was tedious · **Life Expectancy: **Slaves aged quickly. When slaves were too old to work, they looked after the children.
 * __Types of Work __**

· Family and the African American Church were the two most important institutions in African American life. · Masters encouraged marriage because they believed it decreased rebellions. Husband and wife were equal within slavery. · Families were strongly bonded. When slavery came to an end, families searched for eachother. · Profit was more important than family to plantation owners. One in every five families was separated · Slaves expressed their longing for freedom through Christianity
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The African American Community __**

· The rebellions of Denmark Vesey, Nat Turner, and Gabriel Prosser (see Key Terms) highlighted the fears of Southerners. They were the most prominent rebellions of this era.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Rebellions __**

· Most free African Americans lived in the Upper South and worked as tenant farmers · Black codes were tightened in the 1830s. They had no civil rights
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Free African Americans __**

· Yeomen- Independent farmers of the south. They usually didn’t own slaves. They relied on neighbors for assistance with harvesting and planting crops. Values: democratic. They voted for Jackson and viewed freedom as very important · Poor Whites- They were out of work because of slaves. These poor whites and slaves worked side by side and interacted socially. · Planters- Few were rich. 2.5% owned 50 or more slaves. The elite had prestige and political leadership. · Natchez “Nabobs”- Rich planters of the Natchez community. They held a concentration f wealth.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The Other 2/3 of Whites __**

· Many wealthy planters lived in isolation. · Lifestyle modeled English aristocracy- women were to be proper and welcoming · Men were to take interest in hunting, soldiering, and politics <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- each plantation's purpose was to be self-sufficient, producing own food and clothing, and grow cash crops <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">- The husband ruled the household as "father figure," expecting gratitude and obedience in return. <span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">- Heavy responsibility with no authority - Took care of people on plantation, supervised slave housework, and be gracious hostess - Husband was source of authority - Black women served as nursemaids and lifelong maids to white women
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Plantation Life __**
 * __<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Plantation Mistress __**<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">

- Many slave owners believed violence and discipline was necessary in slavery - No legal action against owners who abused, raped, or excessively punished their slaves - Very common for white slave owners to rape, have relationships with, and/or father children with black slaves, but was rare for slaves or wives to acknowledge any relationships.
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Coercion and Violence __**

- 1/3 of southern population waws slaves; in some areas white people were outnumbered by slaves - Found justification for slavery in bible and history of Rome, and US Constitution allowed slavery - Southerners claimed Vesey's revolt was an example of the harm antislavery sentiments could cause - Northern antislavery beliefs were, to the southerners, linked to slave uprisings
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Developing Proslavery Arguments __**

- Southern states joined radical South Carolina to prevent more federal control by defending slavery - 1830s southerners burned antislavery literature and prevented slave literacy in roder to keep control over slaves (only in KE, TE, and MD was slave literacy legal) - "Gag rule" - no speaking of abolitionist petetions, dissenters of slavery must remain quiet - Slavery (to South)=social necessity and greatest organization of society; slaves were happy and free because responsibilities were handled by white masters
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">After Nat Turner __**

- Between 1830-1860 slavery decreaced 11% ; also many unvoiced dissenters of slavery in south - Slave prices rose, exagerating separations of classes; slave trade flourished - Big decrease in urban slaves; became indistinguishable from "free laborers" in north - Economic changes hurt poor whites and yeomen; higher land prices and isolation -> led to tension between upper and lower class whites
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Changes in the South __**