Chapter+23+The+Twenties

 Abstract Chapter 23 describes the many changes in American life in the 1920s. Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover continued to encourage a foreign policy after the war that would enhance American capitalism. In a sense a second industrial revolution took place, using new technology, a new line a goods for consumers, easy credit, and new scientific management methods. The invention of cars brought a new era of transportation and prosperity to the twenties; yet not all areas of the country shared this, many railroads, farms, and coalmines suffered greatly in this time. The country began to come together as a whole thanks to the bringing about of the radio and movie theatre. Groups such as the KKK resisted this movement and stuck to their old ways but were met with opposition. Women, Mexican immigrants and African Americans faced discrimination and unfulfilled promises but made significant advances. The twenties ended with the election of Herbert Hoover in 1928 and then shortly after that the stock market crashed on Tuesday, October 29, 1929; this ended an era of prosperity and hopeful change in America.   ** __The Twenties Notes __ ** Return to Normalcy Harding wins election against democrat James Cox. His election puts an end to two decades of progressive reform. Harding however was very scandalous and is most well known for his problems in the Teapot Dome Scandal. Prosperity and Politics Introduction of moving assembly line boosts productivity by 40% for automobiles. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Corporate mergers escalate so that by 1929 top one hundred corporations control nearly ½ of American business. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Big business increases sales through heavy advertising. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Women in the economy <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Women stay at home for the most part. They get paid less than men holding similar jobs. Secretaries, clerks, typists. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The Second Industrial Revolution <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Tech <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Electricity replaces steam <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Industry <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> New consumer goods like washers refrigerators radios telephones <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Automobiles canning chemicals synthetics plastics. Also building and <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Housing is essential during the time period. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Radio, journalism, movies, tabloid all forms of mass entertainment and mass communication. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Business booming due to new industry. Bull market on Wall street <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Stock Market <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">People bought most of goods on Margin, or credit. Therefore the money wasn’t actually there and led to the crash in 1929. During the twenties, very successful, but in the end led to the great depression after black Tuesday. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Culture <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Lost generation writers such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sinclair Lewis wrote <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Fantastic literature such as the Great Gatsby <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Harlem Renaissance was growing African American art in New York. Jazz <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Music was very popular as well as poetry. Key people= Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Claude Mckay. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prohibition <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">WCTU- Florence Kelley. 18th Amendment created to ban alcohol in the U.S. called for tons of organized crime and speak easies. Al Capone club owner and bootlegger in Chicago. Amendment voided due to expenses to keep in Constitution. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Feminism <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Flappers were created and seen as fine, young, independent women who broke off from social norms. Listened to Jazz, wore short skirts, and danced very erratically, even with African Americans. Frowned upon by mothers and fathers across the U.S. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Race <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">KKK revival in 1915. Many Americans see African Americans as bad influences on their children, especially young daughters. Refer to their music as devil music. Birth of a Nation portrayed Klan as heroic. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Immigration <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Passage of immigration act of 1924 that limited 2 % of immigrants to immigrate to the U.S. Red scare occurs. Communism is feared throughout the country. Sacco and Vanzetti thought to be anarchists. Example of red scare. <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Causes of Great Depression <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mal distribution of wealth during the twenties, overproduction, agricultural decline, European WW II debt <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Abstract <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Chapter 23 describes the many changes in American life in the 1920s. Presidents Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover continued to encourage a foreign policy after the war that would enhance American capitalism. In a sense a second industrial revolution took place, using new technology, a new line a goods for consumers, easy credit, and new scientific management methods. The invention of cars brought a new era of transportation and prosperity to the twenties; yet not all areas of the country shared this, many railroads, farms, and coalmines suffered greatly in this time. The country began to come together as a whole thanks to the bringing about of the radio and movie theatre. Groups such as the KKK resisted this movement and stuck to their old ways but were met with opposition. Women, Mexican immigrants and African Americans faced discrimination and unfulfilled promises but made significant advances. The twenties ended with the election of Herbert Hoover in 1928 and then shortly after that the stock market crashed on Tuesday, October 29, 1929; this ended an era of prosperity and hopeful change in America. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Key Terms <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Scopes Trial **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> - an American legal case in 1925 in which a high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state's Butler Act that made it unlawful to teach evolution, Scopes was found guilty, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality and he was never brought back to trial
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Equal Rights Amendment **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> – An amendment proposed that would give women all the same rights as men, it passed both houses but was never ratified before its deadline.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Mutualistas **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> - Community-based mutual aid societies created by Mexican immigrants in the late 19th century United States that provided most immigrants with a connection to their mother country and served to bring them together to meet their survival needs in a new and alien country.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">LULAC - **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> League of United Latin American Citizens - Created with the aim of combating the discrimination that Mexican Americans faced in the United States Southwest
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">“New Negro” **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> - A term popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Calvin Coolidge **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> “The business of America is business”- Perfectly captured the core philosophy of the Republican new era.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Lost Generation Authors- **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> Hemingway said “All of you young people who served in the war, you are a lost generation”. It was widely adopted as a label for American writers, artists, and intellectuals of the postwar era.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Al Smith- **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> The Democratic nominee for president in 1928. Pure product of New York City’s Lower East Side. Came from a background that included German, Irish, and Italian ancestry and he was raised as a Roman Catholic. Rose through the political ranks of New York’s Tammany Hall machine. Won a reputation as an effective state legislator in Albany. Served four terms as governor of New York, pushing through an array of laws reforming factory conditions, housing, and welfare programs. He fused older-style machine politics with the newer reform emphasis on state intervention to solve social problems.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Election of 1928- **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> Served as a kind of national referendum on the Republican new era. Revealed how important ethnic and cultural differences had become in defining American politics. Reflected many of the deepest tensions and conflicts in American society in the 1920s: native-born versus immigrant, Protestant versus Catholic, Prohibition versus legal drinking, small-town life versus the cosmopolitan city, fundamentalism versus modernism, traditional sources of culture versus the new mass media.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Herbert Hoover **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">- Most influential figure of the Republican new era. Secretary of commerce for Harding and Coolidge. President in 1929. Successful engineer, administrator, and politician. Effectively embodied the belief that enlightened business, encouraged and informed by the government, would act in the public interest. He believed the government only needed to advise private citizens’ groups about what national or international policies to pursue. Wanted to actively assist the business community. Encouraged national trade associations. The government provided an ideal climate for the concentration of corporate wealth and power.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Andrew Mellon- **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> A member of the Republican Party, Mellon served as secretary of the treasury under presidents, Warren Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover. During his period in office (1921-32), Mellon followed policies that involved cutting income tax rates and reducing public spending. He also brought an end to the excess profits tax. Mellon's policies created a great deal of controversy and he was accused of following policies that favored the wealthy.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">American Individualism **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">- social philosophy written by President Herbert Hoover. “Reactionaries and radicals would assume that all reform and human advance must come through government. They have forgotten that progress must come from the steady lift of the individual and that the measure of national idealism and progress is the quality of idealism in the individual.” Fused a faith in old-fashioned individualism with a strong commitment to the progressivism.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Kellog-Briand Pact **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">- agreement, signed Aug. 27, 1928, condemning “recourse to war for the solution of international controversies.” It is more properly known as the Pact of Paris. In June, 1927, Aristide Briand, foreign minister of France, proposed to the U.S. government a treaty outlawing war between the two countries. Frank B. Kellogg, the U.S. Secretary of State, returned a proposal for a general pact against war, and after prolonged negotiations the Pact of Paris was signed by 15 nations.
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Volstead Act **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">- the enabling legislation for the Eighteenth Amendment which established prohibition in the United States. The Anti-Saloon League's Wayne Wheeler conceived and drafted the bill, which was named for Andrew Volstead, Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee, which managed the legislation
 * <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;">Al Capone- **<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> an Italian-American gangster who led a Prohibition-era crime syndicate. Known as the "Capones", the group was dedicated to smuggling and bootlegging liquor, and other illegal activities such as prostitution, in Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">