Chapter+12+Industry+and+the+North,+1790s-1840s

Chap 12 Outline “Industry and the North” Preindustrial Ways of Working  ·   Urban areas dominated by skilled craftsmen, use apprenticeships.  ·   Long hours, apprenticeship only for men excluding women  ·   Families dominated by one kind of work  ·   Mothers handed their womanly talents such as carding wool down to daughters  ·   Money rarely changed hands. Usually bartered with different goods  ·   Male fatherly figure in charge of whole family  ·   Fixed social order in place from small farmer to large urban merchants.  ·   Worked extremely long hours  ·   “Home” and “Work” were not separated but mixed together  ·   Wealthy artisan immigrants began to upset social order  ·   Apprenticeships were common. Young apprentices learned from their masters who knew a skill The Social Order  ·   Ranged from small yeoman farmers to large urban merchants  ·   Yeoman farmers ranked higher than tenant farmers and farm laborers  ·   Great importance on rank and social status  ·   Men of different classes did not usually mingle between themselves  ·   Distinguished by dress and manner <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Artisans owed their success to the Market Revolution Market Revolution <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Northern states main business came from Boston, Providence, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   America experienced huge boom in profits in shipping <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Many merchants found opportunities in exporting new products to countries with a lot of economic potential. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   1807 Embargo Act- restricted international exportation <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Putting Out System- artisans produce goods but merchant supplies raw goods <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Capitalists were able to have more labor for the same investment <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   However, there was a loss of independence for the artisans <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   In Britain, economical advances occurred due to technological advances. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Power-driven machines did the work as industrialization had occurred <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   British industrialization described as disgusting <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Dominated by Irish immigrants and children. Worked in squalor <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Britain forbade emigration of its skilled workers to America. Putting Out System- In Depth <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Independent artisans now under the watchful eye of merchants. <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Artisans did not have to invest loads of money on supplies. <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Able to just produce finished products and supply the merchant <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Most of the money used in these investments was supplied through bank loans <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Other investments were funded by families <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Families help to make sure the economy kept running in these towns British Technology and American Industrialization <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Slater left England with England’s most advanced machines on memory and copied them in America <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   1816- Congress passed tariffs against English cotton textiles <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Francis Cabot Lowell- Industrial spy. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   With help from mechanic he made the machinery more efficient <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Mills hired whole families <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   They began to dot the shores of the Concord and Merrimack Rivers <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Each had specific jobs that catered to mills success <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Men had best and highest paid jobs <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Children as young as 8 participated in work in mills <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Cincinnati played huge part in steamboat manufacturing <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·   Mechanization in factories was very highly improved Important Terms <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 1. Putting Out System- more economical system for merchants which did not need much effort. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 2. Market Revolution- occurred because of improvements in transportation, commercialization, and industrialization. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 3. Samuel Slater- British industrial traitor who brought the secrets of British industrialization to America. “Slater’s Mill” <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 4. Henry Cabot Lowell- same as Slater. Stole secrets and came back to America. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 5. Eli Whitney- inventor of cotton gin and interchangeable parts. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 6. 1807 Embargo Act- restricted international exportation. <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 7. Family Mills- mill where whole families were hired to complete different facets of mill work <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 8. Family Labor System- during these times the traditional social order of a typical American family <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 9. British Industrialization- Occurred in England first, but with the help of industrial spies the secrets of machinery were brought to America <span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 10. Artisan- skilled craftsman “The American System of Manufactures” · Interchangeable parts became known in Britain as the “American system” · Many things in the north such as guns and clocks were being massed produced · This new availability of high quality items cheaply reflected the Americans belief in equality Personal Relationships · New industry destroyed the apprenticeship system · Allowed women to leave the farm and work outside the home · New industry in north became “heartless” and wasn’t very accommodating to its workers Mechanization and Women’s Work · Industrialization caused many skilled craftsmen to lose their jobs to new machinery · Women’s work turned mainly to garment trade with low piece work wages · Women now had to work 15 to 18 hours a day just to get by Time, Work, and Leisure · Time was now being separated into work and leisure · Many men liked to go to the tavern on Sundays and sporting events were becoming more popular during this time such as horse racing and boxing The Cash Economy · Cash now replaced an older barter system and cash was being used nation wide · Many new farmers and artisans had to either get a factory job or move out west to preserve their way of life. Early strikes · Many women were unhappy with wage cuts and began to strike · One famous strike happened at Lowell model mill in 1834 were 800 went to the streets Wealth and class · New order came about with the “white collar middle class” · New market allowed for all to aspire to become rich elite Religion and Personal Life · Evangelicalism brought about a new self discipline needed in the new market · Charles Finney made a great impact in the North by converting many people to his religion The New Middle-Class Family · Men were no longer solely the head of the house now sharing that with the mother · Father mainly the breadwinner and the wife stays home with the children · New middle class family unit emerged creating a whole class within itself Family Limitation · Middle class women began to have less children in order to give more attention to the few children they had · Abortion rates were very high(1 in 4 pregnancies were aborted) · Sexuality in women was looked down upon 1. American system- The use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing such as guns and sewing machines. 2. Cash economy- industry destroyed barter system and brought upon a new society based on currency. 3. Lowell strike- 1834 800 women participated in a very famous strike at the model lowell mill because they cut wages by 25%. 4. middle class- with new industry came the middle class which were right in between the working poor and the social elite. 5. Charles Finney- reintroduced evangelicalism to the north bring back a set of strict moral code by which most middle classs lived and worked by. 6. Catharine Beecher's "Treatise on Domestic Economy"- field guide for the domestic mother with child bearing tips, homemaking and cooking tips, and the book for most women second only to the bible. 7. Sentimentalism- new belief that emerges out of the new industry of the North, emphasizing the need for sincerity and feeling in this new industrial world. 8. Ralph Waldo Emerson- advocate for for transcendentalism, he was a writer and lecturer whom gave cofidence to the middle class man through his sermons.transcendentalism-a romantic philosophical theory claiming that there was an ideal, intuitive reality transcending ordinary life. 9. Walden- a book by Henry Thoreau which spoke of the consequences of the new industrious north. 10. women in the 19th Century- a book by Margret Fuller, a transcendentalist who of how women in this time were wasting their potenial.