Chapter+13+Coming+to+Terms+with+the+New+Age,+1820s-1850s

__** __**Main Points**__ 1. This "market revolution" that took place had a major affect on urban America society and economically. A new economic system based on trade dominated the business of America. Many diverse types of people, such as native white americans, African Americans, and immigrants, responded differently to the new changes taking place. As a result, a new social hierarchy was established and a dominant social culture emerged. 2. A new work ethic and brought about labor movements and urban politics. Labor unrest in order to gain more rights for workers negatively affected by the market revolution thereby forming the first worker's unions in America. Nonetheless, the changes brought by immigrant workers settled in the cities brought changes to the political arena as machine politics started to take over city authorities. On a larger scale, relgion played a fundamental role in bringing about moral improvements and reform movements to certain abject areas of society. 3. The changes during this time period also manifested an uprise in abolitionist feeling on a wide scale. Famous abolitionists and reformers spoke out against the horrors of slavery and fought for full freedom of slaves and equal rights for all free African Americans. **Bowery Street** - NY city street where working class could enjoy themselves with performances & parties **Workingmen’s Party** - “Workies” campaigned for 10 hr days & preservation of small artisanal shop & c alled for end to government chartered monopolies **Equal Rights Party** - Antimonopoly branch of Democratic Party **General Trades Union of NY** - Fought for worker’s rights & e ncouraged formation of more than 50 other unions **National Trades Union** - Formed by members of the GTU & c riticized the unequal distribution of wealth in society **Ward leaders** – bosses – represented the interests of his group & delivered their votes in exchange for patronage & favors in machine politics **General Union for Promoting the Observance of the Christian Sabbath** - <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Aim to prevent business on Sundays <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Used lobbying, petition drives, fund raising, & special publications <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**Horace Mann** – <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Promoted uniformity in curriculum, teacher training, and grading of classes by ability <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**Catharine Beecher** – advocator of teacher training for women & a <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">rgued that women’s moral & nurturing nature made them ideally suited to be teachers <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">**American Society for the Promotion of Temperance** - <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Promoted men to stand up, confess their sin, & take the pledge to not drink **Dorthea Dix** - headed Asylum movement <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth** – famous abolitionists <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**William Lloyd Garrison** - <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">His own paper, the //Liberator// <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**American Anti-Slavery Society** - formed by William Lloyd Garrison & minister Theodore Weld **Grimke Sisters** - first female public speakers in America & spoke out against slavery & women's rights <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**Seneca Falls Convention of 1848** - <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">First women’s rights convention in American history & w <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">orked for political, legal, & social equality
 * __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Chapter 13 – Coming to Terms with the New Age – 1820-1850s
 * Main Ideas:**
 * __Key terms:__**
 * Blackface** - popular anti-black performances & jokes
 * Joseph Smith** - founder of Mormon religion
 * Uncle Tom's Cabin -** Harriet Beecher Stowe - addressed the horrorific conditions of slavery

**<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">__Urban America__ ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Small, compact “walking cities” <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Wealthy enjoyed unquestionable authority <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The market revolution increased size of America’s cities <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Population rate in cities exploded <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Nation’s 5 largest cities in 1850 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">American’s depended on US seaports rather than European exports for wealth Patterns of Immigration ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Urban growth from surge of immigrants beginning in 1820 but accelerated after 1830 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Most came from Ireland & Germany <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Irish & Germans were Catholic – unwelcoming to many Protestant Americans <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Many Germans head West to start agricultural communities <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Irish settled in cities <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Immigrants contribute to social problems in the cities Class Structure in the Cities ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Gap between rich & poor increased <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Very poor families <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">$500 income or more <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">$1000 income or more Sanitation & Living Patterns ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Early 19th century cities lacked municipal water supplies, sewers, & garbage collection <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cities slow to respond to change sanitation standards <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Provision of municipal services forced residential segregation Ethnic Neighborhoods ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Impoverish Irish saw slums as place for family ties, familiar ways, & community support <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Germans more skilled than Irish Urban Popular Culture ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Size, diversity, & changing working conditions bred new popular culture <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Urban workers replaced artisanal labor with wage work <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Working-class amusements become rowdier & rougher <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Middle-class & upper-class families find more respectable forms of public entertainment <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Blackface – popular anti-black performances & jokes <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Bowery Street <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Literature evolving <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Middle class found traditions of lower-class amusement to be menacing <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Prosperous classes frightened by urban poor & by working class rowdyism <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Watchmen hired <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1845 – NY city created a permanent police force <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1830 - Series of urban riots broke out against Catholics & free blacks Urban life of Free African Americans ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1860 – nearly ½ million free Af. Am. in the US <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Competed for jobs against immigrants & poor whites <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Faced residential segregation, job discrimination, segregation in schools, & limitations on their civil rights <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Built their own communities for defense against larger hostile communities <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Employment prospects decline in market revolution <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Free black communities riot against slave catchers <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Black communities became targets for urban violence <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Craft associations for artisans & skilled laborers were recognized parts of the urban community <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Artisanal status changing <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">No safety net for workers who lost their jobs <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">No public regulation of wages & conditions of work The Union Movement ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Urban worker protest against changing conditions took form of party politics <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Workingmen’s Party formed in 1827 in Philadelphia <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jacksonian Democrats picked up their themes <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Equal Rights Party <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Workers turn to labor organization to achieve goals since politics didn’t fulfill their needs <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">General Trades Union of NY <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">National Trades Union <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">New York employers took striking journeymen tailors to court in 1836 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">GTU collapsed from effects of the Panic of 1837 Big City Machines ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Workers able to shape urban politics <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Machine politics reflected new class structure of the rapidly growing population <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Because immigrants clustered in ethnic neighborhoods, their impact on politics could be concentrated & manipulated <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">NY Tammany Society began in 1870s <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">New middle class focused on reforming problems in cities Evangelism, Reform, & Social Control ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Evangelical religion was fundamental to social reform <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Religious converts assumed personal responsibility for self-improvement & change <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Charles G. Finney – preached doctrine of “perfectionism” <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">New middle class focused on moral reform <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2nd characteristic of reform movement: a belief in the basic goodness of human nature <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3rd characteristic of reform movement: moralistic dogmatism <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Evangelical Protestantism of the reformers promoted hostility to Catholic immigrants from Ireland & Germany <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Temperance movement targeted immigrants & their free drinking habits <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Regional & national organizations quickly grew <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Workingmen were angered when the General Union forced the Sunday closure of their favorite taverns & were quick to vote against the Whigs, the party most sympathetic to reform thinking <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Women became very involved in reform movement through their churches <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Public schools for children ages 5-19 begin to form <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Horace Mann – secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Education provided first real job opportunity for women <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Catharine Beecher – advocator of teacher training for women <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mary Lyon’s Mount Holyoke Female Seminary – trained women to be global missionary teachers Temperance ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">American Society for the Promotion of Temperance – founded in 1826 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mostly men excessively drank <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Men hurt their families economically by spending their money on liquor <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">New middle class sees old drinking ways immoral <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Whigs embrace temperance <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Democrats (consisted of mostly immigrants) opposed temperance <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Panic of 1837 forces men to give up or cut down their spending on liquor <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Washington Temperance Societies <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Martha Temperance societies <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Prostitution another social evil <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Female Moral Reform Society <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Asylum movement – headed by Dorothea Dix <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Prison reform, establishment of orphanages, homes of refuge, & hospitals took place <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Model penitentiaries were built <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">People chose to escape to utopian communities & new religions <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Shakers – founded by “Mother” Ann Lee in 1774 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Oneida Community <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">socialist communities flourished briefly <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Joseph Smith <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Mormons very successful economically b/c of close cooperation & hard work <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">NY harassed Mormons & drove them out west <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Joseph Smith’s new doctrine of polygamy gave outsiders a chance to intervene <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Brigham Young moved the Mormons to Salt Lake City, Utah <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">American Colonization Society <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Most Af. Am. rejected colonization <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Frederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth – famous abolitionists <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">David Walker <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Southerners blamed pamphlets & Af. Am. journalism as stirring up trouble Abolitionists ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">William Lloyd Garrison <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Garrison & evangelical minister Theodore Weld formed the American Anti-Slavery Society <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Northerners flocked to hear immoral horrors of slavery <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Southern states toughened laws concerning emancipation in response <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The north experienced controversy over abolitionism Abolitionism and Politics ** <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Congress passed a “gag rule” in 1836 – prohibited discussion of antislavery petitions <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Abolitionists ineffective b/c they did not achieve moral unity <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1840 – abolitionist movement split <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Sarah & Angelina Grimke <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">They were in great demand by abolitionists to be speakers since they knew slavery firsthand <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">First female public speakers in America <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Challenged social norms on 2 grounds <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Women gained right to vote in some states beginning in the Wyoming territory in 1869 <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1920 – 19th amendment gave all women right to vote <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Women played a vital role in all the social movements of the day <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Preindustrial City **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Growth of Cities **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">US economy based on trade now
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Established great seaports for trade & furthered development of country
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston, & New Orleans
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * Potato famine in Ireland
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Poor economic conditions in Germany
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Created ethnic neighborhoods for comfort
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Benefits of market revolution unevenly distributed
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Performed unskilled jobs of uncertain future
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Lived in or rented cheap housing
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Moved frequently & depended on more than one income to survive
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';">   <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Lived adequately in cramped quarters that often served as their shops
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Lived comfortably in lavish homes
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Created many disease epidemics
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Rich moved to nicer areas surrounding cities while poor clustered in slums
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';">   <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A place to enjoy Catholic religion away from Protestant Americans
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Created Catholic churches, parochial schools, mutual aid societies, etc.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Created church societies, mutual benefit societies, fire & militia companies
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Created more leisure organizations b/c more prosperous than Irish communities
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Increased competition from immigrant labor
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Bar fights, gang formation from community clubs, etc.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">NY city street where working class could enjoy themselves with performances & parties
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Known for outrageous dress style & behavior that challenged middle-class standards
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New';">   <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Penny papers, Whitman’s poetry, Edgar Allen Poe
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Had a fascination with urban violence that made them popular
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Civic Order **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Riots, violence, & noise disturbed the peace
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">When riots broke out, militia stepped in & deaths were common
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">More than half lived in the North, mostly in cities
 * __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Labor Movement and Urban Politics __**
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Tradition of Artisanal Politics **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Created riots & demonstrations over matters such as politics
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Trading becoming more important
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">No unemployment insurance or welfare
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The “Workies” campaigned for 10 hr days & preservation of small artisanal shop
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Called for end to government chartered monopolies
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Both parties fought for worker support
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Antimonopoly branch of Democratic Party
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Fought for worker’s rights
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Encouraged formation of more than 50 other unions
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Formed by members of the GTU
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Criticized the unequal distribution of wealth in society
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Judge Ogden Edwards pronounces them guilty of conspiracy & declared unions un-American
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Evolved from fraternity of artisans into organization of new mass politics
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Affiliated with the Democratic Party
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Used mass appeal such as parades, rallies, songs, & newspapers
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Ward leaders – bosses – bartered the loyalty & votes of their followers for positions on the city payroll for party members & community services for their neighborhood
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Bosses represented the interests of his group & delivered their votes in exchange for patronage & favors
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Social Reform Movements **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Claimed it was possible for all Christians to personally understand & live by God’s will and thereby become “as perfect as God”
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Arose from recognition that traditional methods of small-scale local relief were no longer adequate
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Large cities had to make large-scale provisions
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Believed that the condition of the unfortunate (the poor, insane, the criminal) would improve in a wholesome environment
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Asylums built in rural areas <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Orphanages had strict rules of conduct & discipline
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Prisons isolate inmates from each other & enforce strict study of the bible
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Reformers were certain they knew what was right & were determined to see their improvements enacted
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Reforms proposed took the form of social controls
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Minister Lyman Beecher w/ other ministers formed a General Union for Promoting the Observance of the Christian Sabbath
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Aim to prevent business on Sundays
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Used lobbying, petition drives, fund raising, & special publications <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Education and Women Teachers **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Women began to play central role in child rearing
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Promoted uniformity in curriculum, teacher training, and grading of classes by ability
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Children need to be taught in a friendly atmosphere
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Argued that women’s moral & nurturing nature made them ideally suited to be teachers
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Largest reform organization
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Promoted men to stand up, confess their sin, & take the pledge to not drink
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Drinking led to violence & crime
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Temperance was the workingman’s best chance to survive economically & to maintain his independence
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Women based society that stressed the affects of alcohol in the home
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Moral Reforms, Asylums, and Prisons **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">“rescue” prostitutes – providing them w/ religion, prayer, & temporary shelter
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Success rate not very high
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">One of the most effective antiprostitution groups
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Organized charity & work for poor women & orphans
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Printed the names of the patrons of prostitution in local newspapers
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Shocked Massachusetts State legislature w/ results of her several years of study into the conditions to which insane women were subjected
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Led to a state asylum in Massachusetts
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Had strict order & discipline <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Supposed to reform inmates
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Utopianism and Mormonism **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Upstate Erie Canal was seedbed for this movement
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Called “Burned-Over District” b/c reform movements swept through like wildfire
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Oldest utopian group
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Offshoot of the Quakers
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Called for the abolishment of the traditional family in favor of a family of brothers & sisters joined in equal fellowship
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">notorious for sexual freedom
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Based off his teachings from the Book of Mormon
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Smith & his brother were arrested peacefully but killed by a mob
 * __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Antislavery and Abolition __**
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The American Colonization Society **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Solve the problem of slavery by gradual emancipation of slaves with compensation to their owner & their resettlement in Africa
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Ineffective
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">African American’s Fight against Slavery **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Insisted on a commitment to end slavery & equal treatment of blacks in America
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Free Af. Am.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Wrote pamphlet //Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World// that encouraged slave rebellion
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Headed third & best known group of antislavery reformers
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">His own paper, the //Liberator//<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * Demanded full social equality of Af. Am.<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Frederick Douglas, Sojourner Truth, & the Grimke sisters spoke out
 * //<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Uncle Tom’s Cabin //<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> by Harriet Beecher Stowe
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">John Quincy Adams argues and calls it a restriction of the freedom of speech
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Gag rule repealed in 1844
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Majority moved toward party politics
 * __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Women’s Rights Movement __**
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Grimke Sisters **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Were members of a slaveholding family but they rejected the idea
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Antislavery movement
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Criticism for being female public speakers
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Women’s Rights **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">First women’s rights convention in American history
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Worked for political, legal, & social equality