Chapter+21+Progressive+Era

Progressive Era Summary  This chapter covers the urbanization of America in the first years of the 20th century, and the social problems that resulted from rapid unplanned growth of the cities. Political bosses and reformers tried to respond to the reality of an industrialized and urbanized America. Social Darwinism was challenged by the Progressives, who had a new though sometimes inconsistent vision of the American community. Progressives viewed the government as an ally in achieving realistic reforms. Both major political parties came to embrace Progressive views. Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson based their programs on these new ideas. Although much was accomplished, the Progressive movement lacked unity and failed to properly address issues of class, race, or sex. Legislation was not always enforced or had unintended negative consequences. In the long run, politics was affected by the demands for social justice and attempts were made to confront the problems of rapid industrialization and urbanization.  Progressive Era Outline/Notes  ** __Main Ideas __ **: · The Progressive Era was a period of social activism and reform that flourished from the 1890s to the 1920s · Progressives believed the government should be more active and use public funds to address social problems. · Problems included: slums, disease, government corruption, need for immigration restrictions, child labor, women’s suffrage, poor settlement housing conditions, etc.  ** __Problems in the New Cities __ ** ** Slums **: · Millions of immigrants poured into the U.S and settled in the new urban centers, creating overcrowding issues. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The lure of jobs in urban areas attracted immigrants and people all over America. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Urban housing consisted of tenement apartments, offering little space and cramped, poor, unsanitary conditions for families. ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Disease **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Due to such rapid immigration, city services such as sanitation and sewage were not able to handle such immense populations · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Poorly ventilated tenement apartments and crowded cities allowed disease to spread quickly · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Influenza, cholera, and TB were spreading rapidly, usually with deadly results. ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Political Corruption: ** · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Big City Bosses such as Boss Tweed received votes from immigrants in return for poor housing conditions, a job, or other personal bribes. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Settlement House Movement __ ** · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Settlement houses were in poor urban areas. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">By 1910, there were over 400 settlement houses in the U.S   · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Settlement houses were usually run by middle class educated women. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">These houses provided services that the government did not offer such as: clubs, classes, social gatherings, baby clinics, etc. o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hull House in Chicago was a famous settlement house run by Jane Addams. o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hull-House provided immigrants with assimilation assistance in America <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Media Exposes America’s Problems __ ** ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Muckrakers: ** · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Exposed America’s problems <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> || ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Muckraker  ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">State Level Reform __ **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Robert La Follette creates the Wisconsin Idea. o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Wisconsin Idea- professors from University of Wisconsin draft bills and administer the regulation of new laws · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Secret Ballot o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Nobody can know how a citizen votes · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Initiative o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Allowed the voting public to petition state governments to consider bills wanted by the people · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Recall o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Voters have the right to remove elected representatives from office · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Direct Primary o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Candidates for office are chosen by the voters instead of politicians or bosses. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">National Level Reform __ **** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">: ** ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Theodore Roosevelt ** · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Republican 1901-1909 · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Square Deal (see “key terms”) o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Newlands Reclamation Act 1902 o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Mediation of Coal Strike 1902 o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hepburn Act 1908 o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Meat Inspection Act 1906 o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Creation of National Park Service and U.S Forestry Service · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Trust Busting o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Department of Commerce and Labor was created to investigate good and bad companies for the public o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Northern Securities trust and other trusts collapse o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Criticized for not doing enough to protect good trusts ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William Howard Taft **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">1909-1913 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Election of 1912  ** · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William Howard Taft-Republican · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Teddy Roosevelt- Bull Moose Party · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Woodrow Wilson- Democratic Party <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Woodrow Wilson **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Wins election of 1912 as a progressive democrat · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In office from 1913-1921 · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">New Freedom Platform o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tariff Reduction-Underwood-Simmons Tariff § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Provide for a federal income tax as a means to compensate for anticipated lost revenue because of the reduction of tariff duties o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Reform of the Banking System- Federal Reserve Act § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Established 12 national banks o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">New laws to control abusive corporations-Clayton Anti Trust Act § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Prohibited practices of trusts o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Restore competition to increase opportunity o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Support the rights of the union and working man <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Women’s Suffrage __ ** · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Women protested for the right to vote · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Marches on Washington and other public protests were held nationally and supported by most women and even some men · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In August 1920, 19th Amendment is passed giving women the right to vote. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">African Americans and Progressivism __ ** · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Booker T. Washington o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Economic power=economic freedom o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tuskegee Institute- Vocational skilled labor · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">W.E.B Dubois o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Demanded full political equality immediately o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">NAACP- Political Rights § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Crisis Magazine · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Marcus Garvey o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Back To Africa” Movement to avoid racism and compete on an international stage o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Black Star Line” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Socialism, Unionism, Communism __ ** · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Eugene V. Debs o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Socialism five time presidential candidate from 1900-1920 o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Believed the means of production should be owned by the workers rather than by a rich minority of capitalists · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Emma Goldman o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Considered “most dangerous woman in America” o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Controversial crusader for women’s rights advocating sexual independence o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Jailed for distributing birth control literature · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">IWW- Industrial Workers of the World o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Known as “Wobblies” o <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Advocated for: § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">4 hour work day § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Security of income § <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Production for use and not for profit <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ** __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Key Terms __ **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Urban Reform __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Settlement House Movement **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- was a reformist <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">social movement <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, beginning in the 1880s and peaking around the 1920s in England and the US, with a goal of getting the rich and poor in society to live more closely together in an interdependent community. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hull House- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">is a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">settlement house <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Jane Addams <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Ellen Gates Starr <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Jane Addams- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> was the first American woman to be awarded the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Nobel Peace Prize <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. In a long, complex career, she was a pioneer settlement worker, founder of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Hull House <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in Chicago, public philosopher the first American woman in that role, sociologist, author, and leader in woman suffrage and world peace **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Florence Kelley- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">was a social and political reformer from <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Philadelphia <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. Her work against <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">sweatshops <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and for the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">minimum wage <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">eight-hour workdays <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">children's rights <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> is widely regarded today <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">U.S Children’s Bureau- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">is a federal agency organized under the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Department of Health and Human Services <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">' <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Administration for Children and Families <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Keating-Owens Act- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 also known as Wick's Bill, was a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">statute <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> enacted by the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">U.S. Congress <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> which sought to address the perceived evils of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">child labor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods manufactured by children in the United States, thus giving an expanded importance to the constitutional clause giving Congress the task of regulating interstate commerce. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lillian Wald- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">was a nurse; social worker; public health official; teacher; author; editor; publisher; activist for peace, women's, children's and civil rights; and the founder of American community nursing. Her unselfish devotion to humanity is recognized around the world and her visionary programs have been widely copied. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Robert Lafollette and the “Wisconsin Idea”- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Wisconsin Idea is the political philosophy developed in the American state of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Wisconsin <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> that fosters public universities' contributions to the state: "to the government in the forms of serving in office, offering advice about public policy, providing information and exercising technical skill, and to the citizens in the forms of doing research directed at solving problems that are important to the state and conducting outreach activities.  **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Secret Ballot- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The secret ballot is a voting method in which a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">voter <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">'s choices in an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">election <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> or a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">referendum <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> are confidential. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Initiative and Referendum- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">politics of the United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, initiative and referendum is a process that allows citizens of many <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">U.S. states <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> to place new <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">legislation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> on a popular ballot, or place laws recently passed by the legislature on the ballot, and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">vote on it <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">17th Amendment- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">T <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">he <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Seventeenth Amendment to the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Constitution <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> established direct election of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Senators <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> by popular vote. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Theodore Roosevelt __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“**Trustbuster”-**Idea of breaking up large trust maintaining market competition. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Square Deal”- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Square Deal was <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">President <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Theodore Roosevelt <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">'s domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. Thus, it aimed at helping <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">middle class <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> citizens and involved attacking <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">plutocracy <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and bad <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">trusts <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">organized labor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Northern Securities v. U.S. 1904- //** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Northern Securities Co. v. United States, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">193 U.S. 197 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> (1904), was an important ruling by the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">U.S. Supreme Court <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. The Court ruled 5 to 4 against the stockholders of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Great Northern <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Northern Pacific <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> railroad companies, who had essentially formed a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">monopoly <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, and to dissolve the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Northern Securities Company <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Hepburn Act- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> T <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">he Hepburn Act is a 1906 <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States federal law <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> that gave the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Interstate Commerce Commission <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> (ICC) the power to set maximum <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">railroad <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> rates. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Food and Drug Administration (FDA)- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">public health <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> through the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">regulation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and supervision of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">food safety <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">tobacco products <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">dietary supplements <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">prescription <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">over-the-counter <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">pharmaceutical drugs <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> (medications), <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">vaccines <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">biopharmaceuticals <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">blood transfusions <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">medical devices <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">electromagnetic radiation <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> emitting devices (ERED), <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">veterinary products <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">cosmetics <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Meat Inspection Act- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> T <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">he Meat Inspection Act of 1906 was a United States Congress Act that worked to prevent harmful bacteria from spreading to <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">American citizens <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> whether it is from <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">cattle <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> or <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">poultry <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Jungle __****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> by Upton Sinclair- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> H <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">e achieved popularity in the first half of the 20th century, acquiring particular fame for his 1906 <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">muckraking <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> novel <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">The Jungle <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. It exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Muir- ****<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> J **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">ohn Muir was a Scottish-born American <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">naturalist <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, author, and early advocate of preservation of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">wilderness <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in the United States. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Gifford Pinchot- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Gifford Pinchot was the first Chief of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Forest Service <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">28th Governor <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Pennsylvania <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Newlands Reclamation Act- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Is a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States federal law <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">American West <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">U.S. Forest Service **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Is an agency of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Department of Agriculture <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> that administers the nation's 155 <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">national forests <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and 20 <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">national grasslands <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, which encompass 193 million acres **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">National Park Service- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Is the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">U.S. federal agency <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> that manages all <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">national parks <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, many <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">national monuments <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, and other conservation and historical properties with various title designations **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">William Howard Taft **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Was the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">27th <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">President of the United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and later the tenth <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Chief Justice of the United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Bull Moose” Party- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The party also became known as the Bull Moose Party when former President <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Roosevelt <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> boasted "I'm fit as a bull moose," after being shot in an attempt prior to his <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">1912 campaign <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> speech in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Milwaukee <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Wisconsin <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Woodrow Wilson __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Election of 1912- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Wilson defeated Taft, Roosevelt, and Debs in the general election, winning a huge majority in the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Electoral College <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, and won 42% of the popular vote while his nearest rival won 27%. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sixteenth Amendment- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Constitution <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> allows the Congress to levy an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">income tax <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> without apportioning it among <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">the states <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> or basing it on <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Census <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> results **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Graduated Income Tax- ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">I <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">s a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">tax <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> by which the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">tax rate <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> increases as the taxable base amount increases **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Federal Reserve Act **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Is the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Act of Congress <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> that created the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Federal Reserve System <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the legal authority to issue <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">legal tender <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Clayton Anti-Trust Act- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was enacted in the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> to add further substance to the U.S. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">antitrust <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Federal Trade Commission **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Its principal mission is the promotion of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">consumer protection <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and the elimination and prevention of what regulators perceive to be harmfully anti-competitive business practices, such as <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">coercive monopoly <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Intellectuals __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Muckrakers”- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Is, primarily, a writer who investigates and publishes truthful reports involving a host of social issues, broadly including crime and corruption and often involving elected officials, political leaders and influential members of business and industry <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Jacob Riis __How the Other Half Lives-__ ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">As an early publication of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">photojournalism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Jacob Riis <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, documenting squalid living conditions in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">New York City <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">slums <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> during the 1880s. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lincoln Steffens __The Shame of the Cities-__ ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was a work published in 1904 by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Lincoln Steffens <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> that sought to expose public corruption in many major cities throughout the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ida Tarbell __History of Standard Oil Co.-__ **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Is a book written by journalist <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Ida Tarbell <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in 1904. It was an exposé of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Standard Oil Company <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, run at that time by oil tycoon John, the richest figure in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">America's <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> history **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">David Graham Phillips __The Treason of the Senate-__ ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">was a series of articles in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Cosmopolitan <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> magazine by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">David Graham Phillips <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, published in February, 1906. The series is a caustic <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">exposé <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">corruption <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Senate <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, particularly the corporate magnate-turned-Senator <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Nelson Aldrich <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> from <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Rhode Island <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Frank Norris __The Octopus-__ ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">novel by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Frank Norris <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and the first part of a planned but uncompleted trilogy, The Epic of Wheat. It describes the raising of wheat in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">California <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, and conflicts between the wheat growers and a railway company. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">McClure’s Magazine- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">as an American illustrated monthly periodical popular at the turn of the 20th century. The magazine is credited with creating muckraking journalism <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lester Ward __Dynamic Sociology__ **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- Individual contributors to <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">classical liberalism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">political liberalism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> are strongly associated with philosophers of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Enlightenment <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. Liberalism as a specifically named ideology begins in the late 18th century as a movement towards self-government and away from <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">aristocracy <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Dewey __Democracy and Education-__ ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In this book Dewey sought to at once synthesize, criticize, and expand upon the democratic educational philosophies of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Rousseau <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Plato <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Prohibition __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">WCTU **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is the oldest continuing <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">non-sectarian <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> women's <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">organization <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> worldwide <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Frances Willard- ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">American <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> educator, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">temperance <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> reformer, and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">women's suffragist <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">18th Amendment/21st Amendment- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Constitution <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, along with the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Volstead Act <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, which defined "intoxicating liquors" to exclude those used for religious purposes, established <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Prohibition in the United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. The 21 Amendment got rid of the 18 Amendment. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Labor/Unions __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">AFL- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations, commonly AFL–CIO, is a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">national trade union center <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, the largest federation of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">unions <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, made up of 56 national and international unions, together representing more than 11 million workers **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">IWW/ “Wobblies”- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">he Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies) is an international <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">union <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Muller v. Oregon 1908 //**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- As a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">landmark <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> decision in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Supreme Court <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> history, as it justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Women’s Rights __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Margaret Sanger- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">As an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">American <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">sex educator <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">birth control <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> activist and the founder of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">American Birth Control League <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Mann Act- **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">After <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Congressman <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">James Robert Mann <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, is a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> law which in its original form prohibited <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">white slavery <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and the interstate transport of females for “immoral purposes”. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Alice Paul- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">American <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">suffragette <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and activist. Along with <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Lucy Burns <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and others, she led a successful campaign for <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">women's suffrage <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> that resulted in the passage of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in 1920 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Carrie Chapman Catt- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was a women's <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">suffrage <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> leader who campaigned for the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> which gave U.S. women the right to vote in 1920. Catt served as president of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">National American Woman Suffrage Association <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and was the founder of the League <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 10.5pt;"> and the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">International Alliance of Women <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">19th Amendment- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States Constitution <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> prohibits any United States citizen to be denied the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">right to vote <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> based on sex <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Civil Rights __**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Booker T. Washington- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">American <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> educator, author, orator, and political leader. He was the dominant figure in the African community in the United States from 1890 to 1915. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Tuskegee Institute- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Is a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">private <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">historically black <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> university located in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Tuskegee <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Alabama <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Up From Slavery- //** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Is the 1901 <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">autobiography <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Booker T. Washington <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> detailing his slow and steady rise from a slave child during the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Civil War <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">National Negro Business League- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">American <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> organization founded in <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Boston <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Massachusetts <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in 1900 by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Booker T. Washington <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, with the support of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Andrew Carnegie <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Atlanta Compromise”- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">address <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> on the topic of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">race relations <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> given by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Booker T. Washington <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> on September 18, 1895. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">W.E.B. DuBois- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">was an intellectual leader in the United States as sociologist, historian, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">civil rights activist <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Pan-Africanist <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, author, and editor. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">NAACP **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> - The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, Is an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">African-American <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">civil rights <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> organization in the United States, formed in 1909. **//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Souls of Black Folk- //** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Is an <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">African-American <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">civil rights <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> organization in the United States, formed in 1909. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Niagara Movement- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">A black <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">civil rights <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> organization founded in 1905 by a group led by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">W. E. B. Du Bois <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">William Monroe Trotter <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Crisis- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Is the official magazine of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ( <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">NAACP <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">), and was founded by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">W. E. B. Du Bois <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in 1910 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Marcus Garvey- ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Was a Jamaican <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">publisher <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">journalist <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">entrepreneur <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">orator <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> who was a staunch proponent of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Black Nationalism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> and <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Pan-Africanism <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> movements, to which end he founded the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">UNIA **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- is a <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Black Nationalist <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">fraternal organization <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> founded by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Marcus Garvey <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Black Star Line- was a shipping line incorporated by <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Marcus Garvey <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">, organizer of the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Universal Negro Improvement Association <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Back To Africa” Movement- **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">was also known as the Colonization movement, originated in the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">United States <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> in the 19th century, and encouraged those of <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">African descent <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> to return to the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">African <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> homelands of their <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">ancestors <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. This movement would eventually inspire other movements ranging from the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Nation of Islam <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> to the <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none; textunderline: none;">Rastafari movement <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">. ** __<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Chapter Summary __ ** <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">This chapter covers the urbanization of America in the first years of the 20th century, and the social problems that resulted from rapid unplanned growth of the cities. Political bosses and reformers tried to respond to the reality of an industrialized and urbanized America. Social Darwinism was challenged by the Progressives, who had a new though sometimes inconsistent vision of the American community. Progressives viewed the government as an ally in achieving realistic reforms. Both major political parties came to embrace Progressive views. Presidents Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson based their programs on these new ideas. Although much was accomplished, the Progressive movement lacked unity and failed to properly address issues of class, race, or sex. Legislation was not always enforced or had unintended negative consequences. In the long run, politics was affected by the demands for social justice and attempts were made to confront the problems of rapid industrialization and urbanization. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">
 * ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Published Work **  ||  ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Problem Investigated  **  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Upton Sinclair  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Jungle   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Poor conditions of meat packing industry   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Jacob Riis  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">How The Other Half Lives   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Poverty    ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lincoln Steffens  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Shame of The Cities   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Political Corruption   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ida Tarbell  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">History of the Standard Oil Company   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Big business corruption/monopolies   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">John Spargo  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Bitter Cry of the Children   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Child Labor   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Frank Norris  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Octopus   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Railroad Rate Regulation   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Ray Stanndard Baker  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Following The Color Line   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Civil rights   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Idea B. Wells  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Lynch Law in Georgia   ||  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lynching   ||