Chapter+2+When+Worlds+Collide,+1492-1590

**__Main Ideas:__**

 * Spanish colonization of the new world after Columbus' discovery of America brought new products, such as tobacco, and a new source of gold and silver to the new world.
 * The Diseases and Famine brought over by the invaders/settlers slaughtered just as many Native Americans as the invaders themselves.
 * The humanistic ways of thought brought on by the Renaissance gave explorers the inspiration they needed to explore new areas of the world and travel to the Americas.
 * the English came to the new world to gain new lands and disrupt the Spanish shipping lanes.
 * The French traveled north up to Canada to start a fur trade with the Native Americans and thus began a relationship based more on commerce than conquest.

**__Outline:__**

 * __European Communities__
 * Farming techniques develop
 * System of feudalism organizes Europe under lords
 * Black Death ravages Europe
 * Many Christians - religious intolerance
 * Catholic Church is a major land-holder and very corrupt
 * __The Merchant Class and the Renaissance__
 * Crusades take place and cause an influx of new goods from the East
 * compass, gunpowder, and printing press brought back from China
 * Renaissance occurs and changes European attitudes towards many things such as the Church
 * Humanism Emerges
 * __The New Monarchies__
 * The people of Europe begin seeking social reform.
 * Monarchs come to power by promising to unite the people.
 * Monarchies created standing armies and wished to contribute to the growth of their kingdoms through conquest.
 * __Portuguese Explorations__
 * Prince Henry finances many explorations around the African continent.
 * Ships known as Caravels are created that can sail faster than any other ships.
 * Portuguese explorers and colonists launch several trips around the African coast and colonize much of it.
 * __Columbus Reaches the Americas__
 * Columbus wanted to attempt to sail west in order to find an easier route to Asia.
 * After being turned down many times, the Spanish monarchy sponsors his voyage.
 * The Spanish monarchy had completed the reconquista and wished to extend its power.
 * Columbus' calculations are incorrect and Columbus lands in the Caribbean.
 * Columbus returns claiming that he had reached Asia, and that the land he found would be easy to colonize with great rewards.
 * Columbus' fort in the Caribbean is destroyed by natives and he is eventually brought back to Spain in chains for lying to the King and Queen about the land.
 * **__The Spanish in the Americas__**
 * __The Invasion of America__
 * The Spanish begin colonizing the area of the Caribbean and present-day Mexico through violent conquest.
 * The Aztecs were a powerful native tribe that stood up against the Spanish but were defeated because of Spain's superior technology and the host of foreign diseases such as smallpox which killed large portions of the population.
 * Hernan Cortes ends up defeating the Aztecs and leading the colonization of the area afterward.
 * __The Destruction of the Indies__
 * The natives of America resists the Spanish colonization.
 * Bartolome de las Casas speaks out against the Spanish destruction of these people.
 * The population of the native people sharply declines.
 * __Intercontinental Exchange__
 * Precious materials are shipped from the New World to Spain such as gold that was plundered from the natives and eventually melted down.
 * Some crops included corn(maize), tomatoes, and potatoes.
 * Animals were transported such as cows which disrupted the ecosystem of the New World.
 * Diseases were also traded, most prominently smallpox entered the New World from Spain and syphilis was sent from the New World to Spain.
 * __The First Europeans in North America__
 * Juan Ponce de Leon lands in present-day Puerto Rico and becomes governor. He then attempts to extend his reach into the North American mainland through what he named Florida. He and his men were easily repelled.
 * Hernan de Soto lands near the Mississippi and attempts to invade from there. He and his men head west and see a good deal of the south edge of North America before being forced back to the shore by the natives and forced to retreat.
 * Hernan describes the great nations of the Native Americans which diminish slightly after he leaves due to the diseases that he and his men brought with them.
 * Francisco Vasquez attacks Pueblo villages near the Rio Grande. He pushes his way into the Great Plains and is disappointed when he does not encounter the great civilizations described by Leon and Soto. This lessens Spain's interest in expanding farther into North America for a long while.
 * __The Spanish New World Empire__
 * Only one century after Columbus' landing, over 200,000 European colonists had settled in Spanish claims.
 * Mostly men immigrated to the New World, and many ended up marrying native women or African American women who worked as maids or servants.
 * The result of the mixing of Spanish, native American, and African people resulted in a very different culture.
 * **__French and English Explorations and Encounters__**
 * __Political Impact of the Reformation__
 * The reformation begins in 1517 with Martin Luther who is excommunicated by the Catholic Church for his protest of the Church's corruption.
 * His following is referred to as //Protest//antism
 * John Calvin leads the Protestants in France(also known as Huguenots). There was religious and civil intolerance toward protestants in France.
 * When Protestant Henry IV becomes King of France he switches to Catholicism so that he may rule easier and with less resistance from the majority of people.
 * King Henry VIII founds the Church of England and begins England's transition over to protestantism.
 * __The French Colony in Florida__
 * The French attempt to found colony in Florida.
 * The natives nearby are friendly toward the French who do not wish to subjugate and conquer them.
 * Supplies do not reach this colony for a long time due to struggles in Europe but is saved by passing British ships.
 * Spain eventually destroys this settlement because it sees the colony as a threat to their empire.
 * __Fish and Furs__
 * Fishermen begin to enter the northern coasts of North America which provide large amounts of fish.
 * The fishermen approach the Natives with the intention of trading with them and the natives are friendly.
 * The natives appreciate the usefulness of the European goods and are eager to trade.
 * Furs were very popular in Europe, so the natives would trade with fur mostly.
 * Natives become slightly dependent on European goods to help make their lives easier.
 * __Social Change in Sixteenth-Century England__
 * Henry VIII dies and passes the throne to Edward VI. Edward dies young and the throne goes to Mary, who earns the nickname, "Bloody" Mary for her ruthless tactics in trying to switch England back to Catholicism. When Mary dies, the throne goes to Elizabeth who returns England to Protestantism.
 * Queen Elizabeth was very popular, and tended to take the middle ground in the great disputes of the time.
 * When England settles on Protestantism, Spain becomes an enemy of England because of religious differences.
 * __England Turns Toward Colonization__
 * England first takes over Ireland before turning toward North America.
 * They attempt to "tame" the Irish "savages".
 * Spain sends its Armada against England to attempt to destroy the protestant monarchy.
 * A large portion of the fleet is destroyed in a storm that is seen by the English as an act of God.
 * The Spanish are defeated partly thanks to private captains such as Sir Francis Drake who operated outside the Queen's command who helped by sabotaging the Spanish, and would continue to sabotage things like Spanish trade routes.
 * After the battle with Spain, Queen Elizabeth authorizes English colonization of North America.

__Important Vocabulary:__

 * __Feudalism:__ A social system where the lords ruled over the peasants who lived on their vast acres of land.
 * __Black Death:__ Major outbreak of Bubonic Plague between 1347 and 1353, kills many
 * __Francis Bacon:__ A famous philosopher who once stated the compass, gunpowder, and movable type were the three greatest inventions known to man.
 * __Crusades:__ Holy wars fought between Christians from Europe and Muslims over control of Palestine which was a sacred place
 * __Renaissance:__ A re-discovery of Greek and Roman culture. It caused a sort of artistic flowering, and encouraged the education of man.
 * __Humanism:__ a new trend of thought which placed human life over the afterlife. This was a revolt against the religious authorities of the time.
 * __Prince Henry:__ started the Portuguese trading empire, the "Navigator"
 * __Caravel:__ faster ships created during Renaissance that helped boost naval exploration
 * __Christopher Columbus:__ First Spaniard to embark on a voyage to America.
 * __New World:__ a name for North America, Central America, and South America.
 * __Old World:__ the Name used for any country founded before the discovery of the Americas
 * __Hernan Cortes:__ Overthrew the Aztec empire with his strategical genius and superior firepower.
 * __Reconquista:__ Spanish monarchy forces the Moors of north Africa out of Spain
 * __Encomienda:__ A system used by the Spanish during the conquering of present-day Mexico that outlined land ownership for areas that were conquered.
 * __Smallpox:__ an example of a terrible disease which was brought over by the settlers from the old world and killed thousands of Native Americans
 * __Bartolome de las Casas:__ A priest who had participated in the plunder of Cuba in 1511, he wrote __The Destruction of the Indies__ in 1552 and blamed the Spanish for millions of deaths.
 * __The Destruction of the Indies__: A book written about the Spanish conquest of the New World, which blamed Spain for millions of deaths. These numbers were thought to be a gross exaggeration at the time but now they seem to be very realistic.
 * __Tobacco:__ an intoxicating drug native to the Americas which became popular in the old world.
 * __Juan Ponce de Leon:__ first person to attempt to take over land in North America.
 * __Martin Luther:__ started the reformation and founded the Protestant religion.
 * __John Cabot:__ founded Newfoundland in 1497
 * __Francis Drake:__ English privateer who sabotaged the Spanish trade lines in the New world.