Chapter+16+The+Civil+War,+1861-1865


 * Outline + Key Terms**


 * The Civil War**


 * Topics:**


 * Death of Slavery
 * North vs. South
 * Economy and Politics
 * Financing the War


 * Jefferson vs. Davis**

-Fort Sumter, major federal military installation in Charleston South Carolina.

-South Carolinians demanded the fort be turned over to them beofre the secede.

-Lincoln sends food, no military suppliues. Davis orders the fort to surrender, but when they do not comply his troops open fire and force and surrender.


 * Call to Arms**

-Davis authorizes a volunteer army, 100,000 men.

-Lincoln orders a proclamation calling 75,000 state militamen to serve in the federal army.

-Relief systems organize clothing, blankets, and bandages.


 * Battle of Bull Run**

-Manassas Creek Virginia, July 1861.

-Confederate win, northern troops untrained.

-35,000 union vs. 25,000 confederate men.


 * Lincoln as a War Leader**

-Lincoln calls for state militia.

-Calls for a naval blockade of south.

-Wants the southern states to rejoin the union and reconsile.


 * Financing the War**

-North sold War Bonds to ordinary people in small amounts, about $50.

-Philidelphia financer Jay Cooke sold 400 million in bonds.

-By the end of the war the U.S. borrowed 2.6 billion dollars from British and French.

-Sales Tex and federal income tax comes into effect. Income tax did not effect anyone wiuth an income under $800.

-Legal Tender Act of 1862, created a national currency, which, because of its color, was popularrly known as the greenbank.

-1863 Congress passed the National Bank Act which prohibited the states banks from issuing their own notes and forced them to apply for

federal charters.


 * Politics and Economics**

-Morrill Tariff Act 1861, subsquently measures and raises tariffs double the prewar rates.

-Union Pacific Railroad Company, laid tracks westward of Omaha.

-Central Pacific, laid tracks eastward from California.

-The Homestead Act gave 160 acres of land to any citizen who agreed to improve the land in the west for 5 years.

-Morill Land Grant Act gave states public land that would allow them to finance land-grant colleges offering education to citizens in the

practical skills like agriculture, engineering, and military science


 * Southern Problems**

-Borrowing and printing great sums of money leads to inflation

-April 1852 the Confederate Congress passed the first draft law. All able-bodied men were eligible for draft between the ages of 19-35 for 3 years.

-Purchases for substitues were allowed.

-Most southerners felt more loyalty to their state rather than the confederate nation

-Provision exempting any one white man on each plantation with 20 or more slaves from fighting in the war.


 * Fighting Through 1862**

-North's Anaconda Plan; squeezing the south with a blockade at sea and on the Mississippi River.

-Blacks escaping to Washington D.C. in contrabands.

-Sherman's March to the Sea freed 18,000 slaves- entire familes and people of all ages.


 * The Death of Slavery**
 * many escaped slaves ran to Union lines
 * September 1862 lincoln issued a preliminary degree: unless the Rebellious States returned to the Union by January 1, 1863 he would declare their slaves "forever free".
 * January 1,1863 Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. This freed slaves in the Rebellious States but not in the border states.
 * 1865: states ratify 13th Amendment which outlaws slavery.


 * The Toll of War**
 * The high causalities were the result of new technology, including improved weapons, and unsanitary conditions. In these conditions small wounds would often become infected and result in death.


 * Army Nurses**
 * During the war there was a high necessity for skilled nurses to care for the sick and wounded.
 * By the end of the war more than 3,000 women worked as army nurses.
 * Clara Barton organized nursing and distribution of supplies.


 * The Common Soldier**
 * Soldiers suffered from a lack of supplies which left them without food, uniforms, or tents. This was more of a problem for the South than the North.
 * Disease was common in unsanitary camps and many people died in hospitals because of the unsanitary conditions.
 * Both the North and the South suffered from high desertion rates. One of every nine Confederate soldiers deserted and one of every seven Union soldiers deserted.


 * Economic and Social Strains in the North**
 * Wartime needs helped Economic growth in the North.
 * Industries like bookmaking, shipbuilding, and the manufacture of items like blankets and uniforms boomed.
 * During the war in the North the inflation rate was 80 percent.
 * Workers wages did not rise as quickly as inflation which resulted in many workers forming unions and striking.


 * Appomattox**
 * On April 9, 1865 General Robert E. Lee and his 25,000 troops surrendered at Appomattax Court House. General Ulysses S. Grant gave them parole which meant they could not be prosecuted for treason.
 * Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia on May 10 this ended the war.


 * Death of a President**
 * On April 14, the President and his wife were at Ford's theatre in Washington when Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth.