Chapter+5+The+Cultures+of+Colonial+North+America,+1700-1780

= __Chapter 5__ = **__ The Cultures of Colonial North America __**
 * Key Topics:**
 * The Similarities and differences among eighteenth-century Spanish, French and English Colonies.
 * The Impact of the British colonial culture of the increasing European immigration.
 * Culture changes in the Indian America brought about by the contact with the European customs and lifestyles.
 * Patterns of work and class in Eighteenth-Century America.
 * Tensions between Enlightenment thought and the Great Awakening's call to renewed religious devotion.

 §  Indian people made up the majority of North America’s population in the 1700s  §  Indians adapted to the colonists’ way of life and became dependant on their supplies  §  Had better relations with the French than the English, but when stopped from expanding they were just as cruel.  §  The Indian population decreased drastically in the 18th century due to European diseases  §  Indians began to use horses stolen from the Spanish allowing them to move out west and hunt buffalo ·  Main concern of Indians on the eastern half of the continent: tremendous growth of colonial population, especially the movement of settlers westward  §  Viceroyalty of New Spain formed the largest and most prosperous European colony on North America  § Mexico City (capital) very sophisticated but other Spanish providences were just buffer zones to protect from other European colonies  §  Florida colonial presence was only the soldiers at the forts and their families  §  New Mexico was not developed well but the population was growing  §  **__Presidios__**- military posts made by the Spanish to protect from French expansion  §  The Spanish settlers in California convinced Indians to join them by giving them supplies and tools  §  Once the Indians joined the Spanish colonists they weren’t allowed to leave  o  Spanish resorted to physical discipline for those trying to leave  §  Due to overwork, under-nutriment, overcrowding, and disease the native population on the California cost fell 74% ·  Established several military posts on the fringes of the colony of Louisiana due to the concern about French colonization  §  The French sent few colonists to New France but the population still rose from 15,000 to 70,000  §  They protected themselves from approach of other colonies by making forts north and south of their main trading communities <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> §  The farming communities combined the Indian and French cultures · “Long lots” : provided each settler family with a share of good bottomland to farm as well as frontage on the waterways <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  The church of New England colonies were most of the town’s government along with elected officials <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  People that tried to practice other religions than Protestant were exiled, jailed, or executed <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__The Toleration Act__**- allowed other religions to meet in the New England colonies ·  John Locke (English philosopher) wrote //Letter on Tolerance//: Churches are voluntary societies and could only work through persuasion
 * Indian America: **
 * The Spanish Borderlands: **
 * The French Crescent: **
 * New England: **

<span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  New York was made up of many different ethnicities and religions that would not mix making it a “salad bowl” <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Pennsylvania was more attractive to immigrants because they could buy houses rather than rent from the elite of New York City <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Modest communities where they only raised Indian and hogs, hunted in the woods, and lived in log cabins <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  No one had any legal right to land and mostly just claimed it by being there <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Men were warriors and women were domestic workers <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  40% of population made up of enslaved Africans <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Very rural society o  Specialized in tobacco, rice, and other crops <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Church of England was the only religion <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Few farmers cultivated rice except for rich men who could afford plantations <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  More people grew tobacco o  Their houses were smaller, hardly better than slave houses on plantations <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  No community life outside of plantation except for court activities ·  English authorities made the Church of England the state religion in the Chesapeake Colonies <span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"> à  no other churches were allowed in Maryland or VA  ·   Before 1750’s Toleration Act was little enforced in the South <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  In most of the colonies family, the church and community were most significant factors of everyday life o  Led to a conservative attitude towards culture <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Oral tradition was stronger than printed word <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Rhythm of life was regulated by seasons and sunlight <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Births followed same pattern as before- more in winter, less in summer <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Community was more important than the individual <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Most farmers tried to remain as independent from the market as possible <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Most colonial cities were centers of much trade <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Not many opportunities for women unless widowed <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Labor was the key to prosperity so forced labor was one of the few ways a landowner could secure an agricultural workforce o  More than ½ of the immigrants coming to British America were indentured servants <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Settlers took the Indian land because property ownership was very important o  Justified it by saying that the Indians weren’t using it to its full potential or that they were savages and didn’t deserve it  ·   Forced labor was considered okay o<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Some  people sold themselves into service in order to pay back their debts <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Women often bore seven or more children <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  An abundance of food and good health led to a decrease in mortality rate <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  The British colonies grew more rapidly than French or Spanish because they were not willing to send immigrants to the New World <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Plantation Act__**- provided naturalization to colonists except Catholics and Jewish <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Less than 50% of the U.S. was English in population by 1790, 20% was African, 15% was Irish/Scotish, 7% was German ·  Population increasing drastically (1700: 290,000 people 1750: 1.3 million people) ·  Low death rates <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Spanish ranked its people based of purity of ethnicity <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  British ranked based on landowning and prosperity o  Allowed for people to move up and down social ladder easily · In New Spain the official criterion for status was racial purity o //Españoles// (Spaniards) occupied the top rung of the social ladder <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  The British colonies grew economically more than French or Spanish <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  This led to more inequality o  Rich got richer and poor got poorer <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Due to running out of land, prices got higher <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Soil became exhausted from so much farming <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Most British colonies allowed for taxation and spending to be controlled by elected officials <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Not democratic because many were not allowed to vote and only wealthy people were elected into office <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Enlightenment__**- intellectual movement stressing the importance of reason and the existence of discoverable natural laws <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  In English colonies, the literacy rate was much higher than that of French or Spanish colonies <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Many ordinary readers were more inclined to traditional beliefs than those of the Enlightenment <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Almanac__**- a combination calendar, astrological guide, and sourcebook of medical advice and farming tips <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Rising demand for newspapers, books, poetry, drama, etc.  ·   John Locke – proposed the state existed to provide for the happiness and security of the individuals ·  They had the rights to life, liberty, and property A Decline in Religious Devotion: ** <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Major decline in the attendance at church as well as devotion to religion <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Half-Way Covenant__-** Plan adopted in 1662 by New England clergy to deal with the problem of declining church membership, allowing children of baptized parents to be baptized whether or not their parents had experienced conversion <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Congregationalists__**- members of Puritan churches governed by congregations <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Calvinist theology of predestination__**- belief that God has predestined certain individuals to be saved and others to be damned <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Arminianism__**- belief that God had given people the freedom to choose salvation by developing their faith and by doing good works <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  More people began to question the Calvinist theology and believed in arminianism <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  To counteract the decline, churches sat wealthy in prominent pews and gave special treatment to them o  Pushed younger people from poorer families away <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  Church started to appeal to youth using emotion o  Caused a great uprising in faith devotion <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Great Awakening__**- North American religious revival in the middle of the 18th century <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__New Lights__**-people who experienced conversion during the revival of the Great Awakening <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings;"> §  **__Old Lights__**- Religious faction that condemned emotional enthusiasm as part of the heresy of believing in a personal and direct relationship with God outside of the order of the church <span style="color: fuchsia; font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> §  Due to revivalism ordinary people became more involved in society <span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Courier New'; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> o  Believed that their opinions counted = __List Of Terms__  = The Fox Tribe- Indian tribe which blocked the French passage between the great lakes and Mississippi, so as to act as “middlemen” in the trades that took place there. They were defeated by the French in 1716 and in 1738. Pennsylvania land grab- 1730’s- 1740’s: a movement of settlers to lands west of Deleware Nomadic Plains Indians- Tribes on the Great Plains which migrated to different areas, depending on weather, lifestyle, hunting opportunities, and living space. New Spain- Area which included Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and California. St. Augustine Forts- Forts in Florida where Spanish troops held place while trying to fend off British forces- This is when the Spaniards asked the Creeks and the Seminoles (Indian tribes) for help. Presidios: Small Franciscan Mission buildings (Agencies for missionaries) Eusebio Kino- Jesuit Missionaries, established among the Indian tribes of lower Colorado and Gila River Valleys. Juan Cabrillo- Associate of Hernan Cortes, explored coastal waters of America in 1542- helped found San Diego. Sebastian Vizcaino- Explorer, discovered Monterey Bay Gaspar de Portola and Junipero Serra- Missionaries, and political figures- they found the first mission and pueblo complex in California Juan Bautista de Anza- Explorer and governor of New Mexico. He established a route between Arizona and California- in 1776 he leads an expedition and founds San Francisco. 2nd Catholic Empire- French Prime Ministers force a Catholic Imperial policy upon North America. French Crescent- French and Indian network of colonies, military posts, and settlements, from St Lawrence River southwest through the Great Lakes, and down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. Long Lots- French idea to give settler families each a tract of waterfront property and farmland. Pueblos- Pueblo American Indian buildings- Sometimes called Adobe houses. General Court- A state’s Governor and representatives, in Puritan territories. Roger Williams- Author of The Bloudy Tenent of Prosecution- a plight for toleration. John Locke- Wrote Letter on Tolerance. Toleration Act- Fashioned after John Locke’s idea, Churches were pronounced voluntary, according to this Act. This was the first separation of church and state. Society of Friends- George Fox’s Quaker society. Tolerance- Allowing freedom of religion. Journeymen- Professional workers who migraed to find work. Strolling Poor- Homeless workers who migrated to find work- Like Journeymen, but poor. Enlightenment- 18th Century movement for independent thought- an age where reason was legitimate for authority. Cotton Mather- Reverend who mixed Enlightenment ideas and Catholic ideas- belief not only in witches and other biblical references, but also in science. The Great Awakening- Several condensed periods of time following the Enlightenment Era, in which there was a tremendous revival of religious activity. Mary Rowlandson- Author of The Sovereignty and Goodness of God- Promoting The Great Awakening Rev. John Williams- Author of Redeemed Captive- Promoting the Great Awakening Agreement of 1662 (The Half- Way Covenant)- Church members’ children, who weren’t members themselves yet, could join and participate in the Church to a certain extent- they could join “half- way.” 1708 Saybrook Platform- Governing by councils of ministers and elders, rather than by congregation. Arminianism- Jacobus Arminius’ idea- Unorthodox Christian ideas that spiritual salvation and grace was earned, not merited. The River Gods- Slang term for the wealthy landowners of the Connecticut River Valley.
 * The Middle Colonies: **
 * The Backcountry: **
 * The South: **
 * Traditional Culture in the New World: **
 * The Frontier Heritage: **
 * Population Growth and Immigration: **
 * Social Class: **
 * Economic Growth and Increasing Inequality: **
 * Contrast in Colonial Politics: **
 * The Enlightenment Challenge: **
 * The Great Awakening: **
 * The Politics of Revivalism: **