Chapter+10+The+Growth+of+Democracy,+1824-1840

Chapter 10: The Growth Of Democracy Tim Bowler, Jake Sekelsky, Tim Zakrzewski

(Mr. Lowell, it's Tim B. and Jake, just letting you know that since we didn't join the wiki by accident, we're on Tim Z's username. The Key Terms were done by us.)

KEY TERMS:

Albany Regency - Political machine created by Martin Van Buren

Bank War - Conflict between Andrew Jackson and the second bank of the United States due to Jackson's attempt to destroy the bank.

Democrats - political party formed in the 1820's by Andrew Jackson; favored state's rights and limited power of the federal government.

Indian Removal Act- (Andrew Jackson)- allowed state officials to override federal protection of Native Americans.

Trail of Tears- forced migration of 15,000 Cherokee Indians from lands east of the Mississippi River to an area in present-day Oklahoma. over 4,000 died.

Election of 1824 - John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson, despite Jackson winning more electoral and popular votes.

Corrupt Bargain- In the election of 1824, Jackson suspected that Clay helped Quincy Adams win in exchange for being named secretary of state.

Era of Good Feelings - the years following the war of 1812 in which James Monroe was president, also ending the era of Federalist Presidents forever.

"Common Man" age - reffered to Andrew Jackson's presidency, because people could relate to him in the fact that he was seen as a 'common man' rather than a dignified public figure.

Spoil System - Jackson handpicked his close friends and appointed them cabinet positions.(corruption)

1833 Pendleton Act- required people to take a civil service exam before obtaining governmental job positions.

Kitchen Cabinet - Martin Van Buren's politcal cabinet composed of his old western friends.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward- supreme court prevented states from intervening in contracts.

Worcester vs. Georgia - chief justice John Marshall ruled that Cherokee Indians were a domestic dependant nation, allowing them to stay in Georgia.

Nullification Crisis 1832- states' rights group in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal tariffs, which favored the industrial North.

"Exposition and Protest"- written by John C. Calhoun in support of nullification.

Specie Circular 1836- proclamation issued by Andrew Jackson stating that only gold or silver could be used as payment for public land.

Pet Banks- state banks favored by Andrew Jackson.

Whigs- name used by advocates for resistance to British measures.

Panic of 1837- financial crisis inherited by Van Buren when Jackson left office, worst financial depression nation had seen yet. (Van Buren used same financial policies as Jackson)

(Mr. Lowell, this is Mia and Ali..were're guessing Tim and Jake have the same chapter as us, so here is our outline) OUTLINE: **The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage:** **The Election of 1824:** **Organizing Popular Politics:** **The Election of 1828:** **A Popular Figure:** **The Spoil System:** **Nation's Leader vs. Sectional Spokesmen:** ** **The transportation revolution:** **Canals and Steamboats** **  
 * New Democratic Politics:**
 * The north and south always had different ideas for goverment because while their ecconomies where intertwined they were on their own path.
 * The new addition of states from 1800 to 1840 united the north and south
 * The movement west gave a boost to democratic polotics
 * Political power remained in the hands of the wealthy untill after the end of the Virginia Dynasty in 1825
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Virginia Dynasty: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and James Monroe.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Western states made it possible for all white males older than 21 to vote which dropped their property qualification to vote.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Once change started in the west it carried back to the original colonies. In 1817 men finally achieved sufferage for all men who paid taxes of served in the militia.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">African americans free or not were still not allowed to vote however and neither were women
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Democratic Republicans took over the federalist party
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">**Andrew Jackson**, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, Hernry Clay
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">There was a tie between Jackson and Adams so the vote went to the house
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Henery Clay(who was speaker of the house) swung the vote in Jackson's favor
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The end of personal and elitest polotics
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">People wanted "a common man" was more appealing to the american people
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Martin Van Buren was Andrew Jacksons campaign manager.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He ran against John Quincy Adams again.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It was during this election the democratic republicans became known just at democrats.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Andrew Jackson won once again.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Andrew Jackson was a true rags to rickes story and that was percieved well by the people.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">His lack of political experience was no longer a big issue under popular politics
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It seemed that all the people were very excited about his election by his win.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">rewarded loyalists from the party by giving them better roles
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He only replaced about 10 percent og the office holders were replaced.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> believed in strong national leadership
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jacksonused his right to over ride the sectional interests.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">he disrupted "polotics as usual" by implementing his oan style of gov.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A Strong Executive:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> During Jacksons time in office polotics was no longer polite and gentlemanly like in the era of good feelings.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">He dominated his own administration.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Peggy Eaton scandal- the wife of his secratary of state, johnhenry eaton, was had once been his mistress.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Eatons were shunned from the other cabinet members and families especially Jackson, whose wife led an anti-eaton group.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">used 12 vetos compared to 9
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> EX) Maysville road bill: jackson refused to allow funding toa southern spur of the national road in kentucky.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> 1800-1840 americans looked broader for trade and transportation.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">improved individual mobility and the ecconomy
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">the federal goverment showed commitment by improvment of transportation by funding the national road in 1808.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The National road was unsatisfactory despite help by the goverment
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">used water transportation to transport bulky goods.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> it was a cheaper form of transportation but still effective.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Eire canal- Devised by De Witt Clinton, 40 feet wide 4 feet deep and 364 miles long.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Eire canal was a phenomenal sucess
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Railroads:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> This was another form of transportation used. new in 1830
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The new ease of transportation made new markets accessible and thus helped our economy grow
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">we gained foreign investors.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a risk taking mentality was taken on in this time period.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">NEGATIVE RESULTS:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">caused a subtle political shift

<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">**__ The Nullification Crisis __** <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Issue that symbolized the divergent sectional interests of north and south, pitting the rights of individual states against the claims of a federal majority was the protective tariff. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    First substantial protective tariff was enacted in 1816 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Southerners opposed the tariffs and said it only helped the North and hurt the south <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Tariff bills in 1824 and 1828 raised rates even higher <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The 1828 tariff was nicknamed “the Tariff of Abominations” <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Southerners had tried to block the tariff but did not have enough votes and said it only helped a section of the country (the north) and tried to name it unconstitutional but they did not have enough support <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    South Carolina reacted the most forcefully to the tariff of 1828 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    John C. Calhoun wrote //Exposition and Protest// in 1828 and was a strong supporter of the nullification doctrine. He had written this defense anonymously as he would soon serve as Andrew Jackson’s vice president <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Jackson and Calhoun were in open disagreement about the nullification and the outcome was that Calhoun lost all influence with Jackson and 2 years later he took the unusual step of resigning he vice presidency <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Martin Van Buren took office for Jackson’s 2nd term <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    After passing the tariff of 1832, the controversy became full blown, South Carolina responded with a special convention and an Ordinance of Nullification, in which it rejected the tariff and refused to collect the taxes <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Jackson asked to revise the tariff Henry Clay with Calhoun’s support had crafted the Tariff Act of 1833 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    It met southern demands by pledging a return to the tariff rate of 1816 by 1842 through a series of very small annual decreases for nine years <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The nullification crisis was the most serious threat to national unity that the U.S. had ever experienced <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    U.S. policy had been to assimilate the Indians, but those who resisted “civilization” had the alternative of removal from settled areas in the eat to the new Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    At the end of the War of 1812, the federal government signed removal treaties with a number of Indian nations of the Old Northwest thereby opening up large tracts of land for white settlement <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    “Five Civilized Tribes” are; the Cherokees, Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and Seminoles remained in the Southwest <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Cherokee took the most extensive steps to adopt white ways <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    In 1830 Jackson urged the U.S. congress to pass the hotly debated Indian Removal Act, which appropriated funds for relocation by force if necessary <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Jack sent federal officers to negotiate removal treaties with the southern tribes, most reluctantly signed and prepared to move <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The Cherokees however, fought their removal by using the white man’s weapon- the law <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    At first them seemed to have won in //Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia// and //Worcester vs. Georgia// <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokees, though not a state or a foreign nation were a “domestic dependent nation” that could not be forced by the state of Georgia to give up its land against their will <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Jackson after the court ruling still was in support of removal <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Seminoles had fought back in Florida and fought a guerrilla war that lasted into the 1840’s until the military finally allowed them to remain <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The Choctaw moved west in 1830, the last of the Creeks were forcibly moved by the military in 1836, and the Chickasaws a year later <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    In 1838, the Cherokees were driven west to Oklahoma along what came to be known as //“the Trail of Tears”// <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The last major event of Jackson’s presidency was his refusal to renew the charter of the Second Bank of the United States <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Jackson’s opponents were so outraged from his previous actions that once they heard about the bank episode they decided to form the permanent opposition party, The Whigs <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The first Bank of America had been chartered by Congress in 1791 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Jeffersonians opposed it and let it expire in 1811 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Yet after the war of 1812 their view changed and in 1816 Congress granted a twenty year charter to the Second Bank of the United States <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The bank was directed by the erudite and aristocratic Nicholas Biddle of Philadelphia, a friend of Thomas Jefferson <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    America did not have a national currency, money in circulation was a mixture of paper money and gold and silver coins, many of them had foreign origin <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The bank acted as a currency stabilizer by helping to control the money supply <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Biddle sent an application for re-chartering the bank in which congress passed by Jackson, who was very anti-bank due to conflict with Biddle had vetoed the charter <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Jackson’s veto message was a great popular success and it set the terms for the presidential election of 1832 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Henry Clay was the nominee of the anti-Jackson forces but lost the battle for popular opinion <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The Anti-Masonic Party (3rd party, short-lived during the election of 1832) had made a lasting contribution to the political process, it was the first to hold a national nomination convention, an innovation quickly adopted by the other political parties <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Jackson was extremely anti-bank and although the charter did not expire until 1836 Jackson decided to kill the bank by transferring its $10 million in government deposits to favored state banks (“pet banks”) <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Many of Jacksons cabinet members along with congress did not agree with his actions, but he simply fired and replaced his cabinet members with ones that supported him <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Biddle was in defense of the bank, he abruptly called in the Banks commercial loans, thereby causing a sharp panic and recession in the winter of 1833-34 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Merchants, businessmen, and southern planters were all furious at Jackson <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The Whigs first tested their strength in the election of 1836 against (vice president) Martin Van Buren <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    They ran 4 sectional candidates where they hoped the combined votes would prevent Van Buren the majority and force the election into the House of Representatives, yet their plan had failed <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The recession of 1833-34 was followed by a wild speculative boom, caused as much by foreign investors as the expiration of the bank <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    In July 1836 Jackson issued the //Specie Circular//, announcing that the government would accept payment for public lands only in hard currency <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The sharp contraction of credit led to the Panic of 1837 and a six-year recession <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    In 1837, 700 banks suspended business refusing to pay out any of their $150 million in deposits <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The collapse of the banking system led to business closures and outright failures <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Nationwide unemployment rate was said to reach more than 10% <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    February 10, 1838 some four or five thousand protesters met at City Hall and marched to the warehouse of the leading merchant, Eli Hart <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Breaking down the doors, they took control of thousands of barrels of flour Hart stored there rather than sell. Police and state militia who tried to prevent the break-in were beaten by the angry mob <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Not until 1843 did the economy show signs of recovery <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    In neither 1837 nor 1819 did the federal government take any action to aid victims of economic recession <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Van Buren spend a dismal 4 years in the White House presiding over bank failures, bankruptcies, and massive unemployment <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    America had formed a basic pattern of politics; 2 major parties each with at least some appeal among voters of all social classes and in all sections of the country. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    That pattern, which we call the “Second American Party System” still remains today <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Democrats came to be identified with independence and a distaste for interference, whether from the government or from the economic monopolies such as the bank of the United States <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    They also favored expansion, Indian removal and the freedom to do as they chose on the frontier (Jackson’s ideals) <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Whigs were often the initiators and beneficiaries of economic change and were more receptive to it <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">  -    Believed in the strong federal role in the national economy they supported the elements of Henry Clay’s American System: a strong central government, the Bank of the United States, a protective tariff, and internal improvements <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Religion was also an important element in political affiliation, Whigs were members of the Evangelical reforming denominations <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The Whigs greatest strength was in New England and the northern part of the West, the area’s most affected by commercial agriculture and factory work <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The Whigs nominated a man much like Andrew Jackson as possible, the aging Indian fighter William Henry Harrison <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The Whigs balanced the ticket by nominating John Tyler for vice president in an effort of duplicating Jackson’s winning appeal to the South as well as the West <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Democrats ran Van Buren <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Whigs campaign tactics, reached out to the ordinary people with torchlight parades, barbecues, songs, coonskin caps, bottomless jogs of hard cider and claims that Martin van Buren was a man of privilege and aristocratic taste. <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Whigs campaign added to the popular anger at Van Buren because of the depression, giving Harrison a sweeping electoral victory 234 to 60 votes <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    William Henry Harrison, who was sixty-eight died of pneumonia a month after his inauguration <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    For the first time in history, the vice president took the presidency <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    John Tyler, of Virginia was a former democrat who left the party because he disagreed with Jackson’s autocratic style <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Tyler vetoed a series of bills embodying all the elements of Henry Clay’s American System; tariffs, internal improvements, a new bank of the United States <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Congressional Whigs read Tyler out of the party and his entire cabinet resigned <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    To replace them Tyler appointed former Democrats like himself <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The Whigs were to win only one more election, in 1848 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    A print revolution began in 1826 when a reform organization the American Tract Society, installed the country’s first steam powered press <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Three years later the new presses had turned out 300,000 bibles and 6 million religious tracts and pamphlets <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The greatest growth however, was the newspaper, numbers soared from 376 newspapers in 1810 to 1,200 in 1835 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Accompanying all these changes in print communication was an invention that out sped them all: the telegraph <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Samuel F.B. Morse sent his first message from Washington to Baltimore in 1844 <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    For all the improvements in communication, the United States was a provincial culture, still looking to Britain for values, standards, and literary offerings and still mocked by the British <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Philadelphia’s American Philosophical Society, founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1743 boasted a distinguished roster of scientists, including Thomas Jefferson and Nicholas Biddle <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Culturally Boston ran a close second to Philadelphia, founding the Massachusetts General Hospital (1811) and the Boston Athenaeum (1807) a gentlemen’s reading room and library <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The North American Review published in Boston, emerged as the country’s most important and long-lasting intellectual magazine <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    In the early part of the 19th century the gap between the intellectual and cultural horizons of a wealthy Bostonian and a frontier farmer in Michigan widened <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Of the eastern cities NY produced the first widely recognized American writers, in 1819 Washington Irving published //The Sketch Book//, thus immortalizing Rip Van Winkle and the Headless Horseman <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Shortly after James Fenimore Cooper’s novels featured a heroic frontiersman. Coopers novels established the long American experience of westward expansion <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    It was New England that claimed to be the forge of American cultural independence from Europe <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Ralph Waldo Emerson gave more than 1,500 lectures in 20 states. “The American Scholar” his most famous lecture, carried the message of cultural self-sufficiency that Americans were eager to hear <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Thomas Cole, who came to America from England in 1818, founded great inspiration in the America landscape, painting scenes of New York State’s Catskill and Adirondack Mountains <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The western painters- realist such as Karl Bodmer and George Catlin as well as the romantics who followed them, like Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran- drew on the dramatic western landscape and its peoples <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Their art was an important contribution to the American sense of the land and to the nation’s identity <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The monumental neoclassical style that Jefferson had recommended for official buildings in Washington continued to be favored for public buildings elsewhere and by private concerns trying to project an imposing image, such as banks <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    Balloon frame structures were the new techniques of the time, they consist of a basic frame of wooden studs fastened with cross pieces top and bottom and could be put up quickly, cheaply, and without the help of a skilled carpenter <span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> -    The balloon frame house was affordable and had become standard in that decade, it was the housing for the common man and family
 * __ Indian Removal __**
 * __ The Bank War __**
 * __ Jackson’s Reelection in 1832 __**
 * __ Whigs, Van Buren, and the Election of 1836 __**
 * __ The Panic of 1837 __**
 * __ The Second American Party System __**
 * __ Whigs and Democrats __**
 * __ The Campaign of 1840 __**
 * __ The Whig Victory Turns to Loss: The Tyler Presidency __**
 * __ The Spread of the Written Word __**
 * __ Creating an American Culture __**
 * __ Artists and Builders __**