Chapter+3+Planting+Colonies+in+North+America,+1588-1701

Lindsay & Katelyn, Period 4
  The identifications are bolded throughout the outline.
 * __Ch. 3: Main Ideas__ **
 * **Establishment of the European colonies in North America in the 17th century**
 * **How the role of religious dissent affected the settling of specific New England Colonies. Also, how people's beliefs resulted in the formation of colonies and governments.**
 * **Relationship with the Native Americans and the home country of Britain**
 * **Eruption of warfare (as a result of tension among various groups and internal conflict****)**

THE SPANISH AND FRENCH IN NORTH AMERIC A **“Frontiers of Inclusion”**: Places where there was a good deal of cultural and sexual mixing between colonists and natives. Native peoples were part of colonial society, and they contrasted dramatically with the “frontiers of exclusion” established later by the English. New Mexico The First Communities of New France ·  **Samuel de Champlain**: An agent of the royal Canadian Company who established Nova Scotia, founded the town of Quebec, and forged alliance with Huron Indians to gain access to the Great Lakes. ·   Seigneurs : (Landlords) Where families (habitants) settled in New France (Canada). The communities emerged with a manor house of the lord, a Catholic church, and a building or two, resembling the towns of northern France. ·  Populations of Acadia and Canada grew throughout the seventeenth century but still totaled only 15,000 by 1700. New Netherland ·  Founded settlements at Fort Orange (now Albany) within a few years ENGLAND IN THE CHESAPEAKE JAMESTOWN AND THE POWHATAN CONFEDERACY TOBACCO, EXPANSION, AND WARFARE MARYLAND INDENTURED SERVANTS PLYMOUTH COLONY AND THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT THE MASSACHUSETTES BAY COLONY INDIANS AND PURITANS NEW ENGLAND COMMUNITIES THE POLITICS OF GENDER IN MASSACHUSETTS DISSENT AND NEW COMMUNITIES THE RESTORATION COLONIES > ·   **Oliver Cromwell**: Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. When he died, Puritan order failed to survive. > > EARLY CAROLINA FROM NEW NETHERLAND TO NEW YORK THE FOUNDING OF PENNSYLVANIA KING PHILLIP’S WAR **Pequot War of 1637**- Conflict between English settlers and Pequot Indians over control of land and trade in eastern Connecticut. The leader of the Pokanokets was Metacom- known as King Philip to the English ·  When colonial authorities at Plymouth pressured Metacom into granting them sovereign authority over his home territory, he came to understand that the colonists had no room for the Pokanokets. ·  Led to a series of battles between the Colonists and Pokanokets who added the Narragansetts as an alliance. **Covenant Chain**- alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies. BACON’S REBELLION WARS IN THE SOUTH THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION IN AMERICA KING WILLIAM’S WAR
 * __Ch. 3 Outline:__**
 * At the end of the 16th century, the Spanish and the French were the only European powers directly involved in North America
 * **Juan De Onate**: A member of a wealthy mining family who led 130 predominantly Indian and mestizo soldiers and their families north into New Mexico with the intent of mining both gold and souls. Encountered varying degrees of resistance by the Pueblo Indians.
 * The colonial economy of New Mexico was never very prosperous.
 *  Dutch farmers used new methods of crop rotation and deep tilling that produced large surpluses.
 *  Won political independence against Spain in 1581
 *  Established trade outposts in America
 * First appeared in North America with explorations of **Henry Hudson**
 * **Beaver Wars**- Iroquois embarked on a series of military expeditions against neighbors
 * England’s first attempt to plant colonies in North America was in Newfoundland and Roanoke Island (North Carolina). Both attempts were failures.
 * **King James I:** (Reigned 1603-1625) issued royal charters for the colonization of the mid-Atlantic region (Virginia) to English joint-stock companies. These companies raised capital by selling shares.
 * **Virginia Company**: Sent ships to the Chesapeake Bay where a hundred men built a first known as **Jamestown,** (in honor of the king)  à became the first English settlement in North America.
 * **King Powhatan**: Powerful //werowance// (leader) of a confederacy of Algonquian tribes. (Daughter is Pocahontas) Powhatan had mixed feelings about the English. Starved colonists out after Jamestown grew so dependent on Algonquian stores and plundered food from tribes.
 * Powhatan realized that the English had come “not for trade, but to invade my people and possess my country”
 * Virginia Company ultimately made a treaty of peace with Powhatan.
 * **Tobacco** provided the Virginia colonists with the “merchantable commodity” for which Thomas Harriot had searched.
 * **John Rolfe**: (Man who married Pocahontas) developed a hybrid of hearty North American and mild West Indian varieties. Sent tobacco from Virginia to England. **First big return on investment for the Virginia Company.**
 * **Headright Grant**s**:** Awards of large plantations on the condition that grant recipients transport workers from England at their own cost. (To help with the hand labor of tobacco)
 * **House of Burgesses:** Legislature of colonial Virginia- institution of representative government in the English colonies.
 * **King Charles I:** granted 10 million acres at the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay to the Calvert family, (the Lords Baltimore), important supported of the monarchy.
 * **The Lords Baltimore** established Maryland in honor of the king’s wife.
 * The first settlement was St. Mary’s in 1634, located near the moth of the Potomac River.
 * Maryland differed from Virginia because it was a “proprietary**”** colony: the Calvert’s were sole owners of all the land, which they planned to carve into feudal manors.
 * Encouraged settlement by their coreligionists, a persecuted minority in the 17th century. (Had a Catholic minority)
 * At least ¾ of the English migrants to the Chesapeake came as indentured servants**.** (In exchange for the cost of their transportation to the New World, men and women contracted to labor for a master for a fixed term)
 * Most were young, unskilled males, who served for 2-7 years. However, some were skilled craftsmen and some were women and children.
 * **Freedom Dues:** What servants were eligible for come the end of their service. (Clothing, tools, a gun, a spinning wheel, a little land, food, etc)
 * Servitude system was very harsh. Approximately 2 of every 5 servants died during their periods of indenture and women were vulnerable to sexual exploitation.
 * The first English colony in New England was founded by a group of religious dissenters known as **Pilgrims.** (Aka- **separatists**: Believed the Anglican establishment was so corrupt that they must establish their own church.)
 * **Puritans:** English followers of John Calvin who wished to purify and reform the English church.
 * Backed by the Virginia Company of London and led by Pilgrim William Bradford, 102 people embarked on the //Mayflower//, sailing form Plymouth, England, in September 1620.
 * **Mayflower Compact:** Document drafted by Bradford in which all the men of the expedition did “covenant and combine themselves together into a civil body politic.” (First document of self-government in North America.)
 * Nearly half of the Pilgrims perished over the first winter due to scurvy and malnutrition.
 * **Squanto:** Indian interpreter of a local tribe, the Wampanoags, who offered food and advice to the Pilgrims in return for an alliance against enemy tribe, the Narragansett’s.
 * **John Winthrop:** Believed the Puritans could establish “a city on a hill,” a model reform for England. (Later became the Governor of the colony.)
 * In 1629 a royal charter was granted to a group of wealthy Puritans who called their enterprise the Massachusetts Bay Company. (Given exclusive rights to settle and to trade, so as well as to “religiously, peaceable, and civilly” govern the territory.)
 * **Great Migration**: What the Puritan emigration to Massachusetts became known as.
 * **Joint-Stock Company**: Provided the origins for democratic suffrages and the bicameral division of legislative authority in America.
 * The Algonquian Indians of southern New England found the English considerably different from the French.
 * In 1623, the Pilgrim’s military commander, Miles Standish, attacked a group of Massachusetts Indians. Ravaged by disease, the Wampanoags were ill prepared for the conflicts.
 * Indian peoples to the west blocked Puritan expansion until they were devastated in 1633 by an epidemic of smallpox.
 * By the late 1630s, the most powerful tribes in the vicinity of the Puritans were the Narragansets of Rhode Island and their enemies, the Pequots.
 * The communities of New England were distinct from those of the Chesapeake because the vast majority of the Puritans had come in family groups with relatively few servants. The Puritan ideal was a family governed in the same way that kings ruled over society.
 * Massachusetts built an impressive system to educate its young. In 1636, Harvard was founded.
 * //The Bay Psalm Book//: The first American English publication.
 * **The Massachusetts General Court:** granted townships to proprietor’s representing the congregation, who then distributed fields, pasture, and woodlands in quantities proportional to social status. (Wealthy received more than the humble.)
 * Men were generally responsible for fieldwork, women for the work of the household. (Tending the kitchen garden, the dairy, the hen house etc.)
 * Women were subordinate to men and typically gave birth to many children.
 * Women who did not give birth were accused of witchcraft.
 * **Thomas Hooker**: Disagreed with Puritan leaders over extent of authority. He believed that suffrage should not be restricted to male church members only. In 1636, he led followers west to the Connecticut River where they founded the town of Hartford. Connecticut ultimately became a colony thanks to Hooker.
 * **Fundamental Orders**: Written by Hooker and was the first document of self-government.
 * **Roger Williams**: Came to New England for religious duties in Salem. (He believed in religious toleration and the separation of church and state.) He founded the town of Providence, Rhode Island.
 * **Anne Hutchinson**: Came to New England in 1634 and led religious discussion groups that criticized Boston ministers. She believed good works could lead the way to heaven. She also moved to William’s settlement in Rhode Island where her followers established their own community.
 * **Act of Trade and Navigation**: Aimed at excluding the Dutch from the carrying trade.
 * “**Restoration” Charters**: Called for the establishment of the new colony of Carolina stretching from Virginia south to Spanish Florida. (Issued in 1663)
 * North Carolina was founded in 1675 and was home to small farmers and large tobacco planters.
 * South Carolina was established in 1670 and was rich in the sale of sugar.
 * The Dutch established the colony of New Netherlands in the 1620s. This began conflict with the Dutch and the Iroquois who occupied that land.
 * Charles granted the colony of New Amsterdam to his brother James, the duke of York, who renamed it New York.
 * **Proprietary Colony**: A colony created when English Monarch granted a huge tract of land to an individual or group of individuals who became, “lords proprietor.”
 * In 1676, New Jersey was sold to a group of English Quakers, among them William Penn. William Penn eventually settled in Philadelphia, which became known as “The City of Brotherly Love.”
 * **English Quakers:** A group committed to religious toleration and pacifism.
 * **Frame of Government:** Penn’s constitution for Pennsylvania which included a provision allowing for religious freedom.
 * War erupted after Puritans began stealing the land of the Wampanoags and other tribes. They also tried to Christianize them.
 * Turned out to e a disaster for the Indian People.
 * King Phillips War marked the end of organized Indian resistance in New England. Approximately 4,000 Algonquians and 2,000 English colonists were dead. With fear of another war like this erupting, many colonists destroyed all Christian “praying towns.”
 * Took place at the same time as King Philip’s War in the Chesapeake.
 * Susquehannock people of the upper Potomac River came into conflict with tobacco planters expanding from Virginia.
 * **Nathaniel Bacon**, a wealthy backcountry setter, led violent raids in 1675. (Including the indiscriminate murder of Indians.)
 * **William Berkley**: Governor of Virginia who tried to stop Bacon and his raids. Bacon was so angered by this that he turned his attacks on the capital of Jamestown.
 * After the death of Bacon, his rebellion collapsed.
 * **Culpeper’s Rebellion**: Backcountry men in North Carolina overthrew the government in an episode of violence. These rebels established a government of their own before being suppressed by English authorities.
 * There was also major violence in South Carolina when colonists began a large-scale Indian slave trade. Charleston merchants encouraged Yamasees, Creeks, Cherokee, and Chickasaws to wage war on Indian tribes allied to rival colonial powers to sell captives into slavery.
 * **King James** took over after his brother, Charles II, died. He brought many changes like strengthening royal control over colonies, abolished the charter governments of the New England, New York, and New Jersey colonies and combined them into the Dominion of New England.
 * King James was overthrown by parliament and replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband William. This very easy transition became known as the Glorious Revolution.
 * The year 1689 marked the beginning of nearly seventy-five years of armed conflict between English and French forces for control of the North American interior.
 * The Iroquois-**English Covenant Chain:** Challenged New France to press ever harder in search of commercial opportunities in the interior.
 * **Hudson Bay Company:** Established in the far North, a royal fur-trade monopoly.
 * **King William’s War**: Conflict’s between England and France. Ended by the **Treaty of Ryswick**, which established an equally inconclusive peace. (However, war would resume only 5 years later.
 * Among the charter colonies, Rhode Island and Connecticut were the only ones to retain their original government.